The Life of Marlee Matlin Essay Example for Free

The Life of Marlee Matlin Essay Marlee was born on August 4, 1965 in Morton Grove, Chicago. She had normal hearing at birth, but at 18 months contracted measles. Her illness produced high fevers and serious complications that included permanently in her right ear, and 80 percent of the hearing in her left ear, making her legally deaf. Marlee’s parents educated her in their community instead of sending her to a special school. She learned sign language at the age of 5 her parents struggled to communicate with her but with time they learned sign language. They raised her with love and respect. As a child, Marlee discovered acting in a program at the Center on Deafness that brought deaf and hearing kids together. Marlee launched her career at age 8, playing Dorothy in the Des Plaines Children’s Theatre of the Deaf in their production of The Wizard Oz. She decided to put her theatrical aspirations on the back burner while studying criminal justice at William Rainey Harper College. Once she earned her degree in criminal justice from Harper College she went back on stage and began playing a minor role in the original Chicago Immediate Theatre Production of Children of a Lesser God. As time passed her community-theatre effort went professional and was transplanted to New York where Marlee was promoted to the leading role of Sara. She repeated this role in the 1988 film version of Children of a Lesser God, and in performing in it became the first deaf actress to win an Academy Award. In 1989 Marlee played a deaf woman in Bridge to Silence. From 1991-1993 she had the leading role in the television series Reasonable Doubts and was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress Award but her best reward in 1993 was meeting Kevin Grandalski while she was filming a scene from Reasonable Doubts series outside the studio grounds, the Burbank police department assigned Grandalski to provide security and control traffic. She went on and married Kevin on August 29, 1993. They have four beautiful children Sarah, Brandon, Tyler and Isabelle she is very devoted to her family. She also had a guest appearance in Picket fences and was nominated for the Emmy Award. In 1994 she portrayed Carrie Buck in the TV drama Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story she played a hearing woman for the first time and earned a Cable ACE Nomination as Best Actress. Other television appearances have been Seinfeld, The Outer Limits, ER, Desperate Housewives, CSI: NY and Law Order: Special Victims Unit. She was nominated for a Primetime Best Actress Emmy for her guest appearances Seinfeld, Law Order: Special Victims and The Practice. The following are Films or Television shows Marlee’s has portrayed a role in. Her career began in 1986 with Children of a Lesser God, Walker, Bridge to Silence, The man in the Golden Mask, The Linguinincident, The Player, Hear no Evil, Against her Will: The Carrie Buck Story, It’ my Party, Dead Silence, Freak City, Where the Truth Lies, Askari, What the Bleep do we Know, Sweet Nothing in my Ear, Celebrity Apprentice, Comedy Central Roast: Donald Trump, CSI, Family Guy, Dancing with the Stars, Nip Tuck, The L Word, CSI: New York, My Name is Earl, Desperate Housewives, Extreme Makeover: The Home Edition, Law and Order: SVU, The West Wing, The Division, The Practice, Blues Clues, Judging Amy, ER, Spin City, Reasonable Doubts and the most current television show Switched at Birth were she plays the mother of deaf son.

Sympathy to the Young and Negativity to the Adults in the film Stand By Me :: essays research papers

The Director of the film â€Å" Stand By Me† invites us to sympathize with younger people whilst portraying adults in a negative manner. Discuss. The film â€Å"Stand By Me† invites us to sympathize with younger people. The movie tells the story of four young boys Teddy, Vern, Gordy and Chris. The movie is based around the character of Gordy who relives the events of their past years through his writing, Gordy is criticized by his family because they want him to be like his older brother Danny who died in a car accident. Teddy who has had some trouble in the past with his Father is sympathized against as the son of a loony. Vern is shown sympathy towards the fact that he is so emotionally immature and vulnerable. You and particularly feel sympathy towards Chris due to his families horrible reputation when Chris would like to be known as his own person. Their adventure began and ended in two completely different levels of maturity for all of the boys. â€Å" We knew exactly who we were and exactly where we were going.† Gordy is the main protagonist in this film he tells the story of their adventure to find Ray Browler’s dead body when they were 12 years old. Gordy was always compared to his older brother Danny his parents were continually paying more attention to Danny than Gordy, they seemed to care more about Danny’s football career than Gordy’s outstanding writing. When Gordy’s brother Danny died his parents could not seem to move on. â€Å" †¦four months after Danny’s death my parents still haven’t been able to put the pieces back together.† Gordy’s parents placed pressure on Gordy to make him feel partially responsible for Danny’s death, they were always pushing him to be more like Danny, especially when he was gone. They were unhappy with his friends and his attitude toward life. â€Å"Why can’t you have friends like Danny’s? Their alright Dad. What? A thief and two feiebs?† Gordy is sympathized against due to the fact that he was 12 and had such a large amount of responsibility and pressure on his shoulders and such a young age. Teddy was the mysterious quarter of the group, always wanting to risk his life in dangerous stunts. Teddy was always out to prove something, he tried to dodge a train that was speeding toward him, until Chris pulled him out of the way.

Low Fat Cheese Market †Global Industry Analysis Essay

Low fat cheese contains lesser amount of saturated fat and reduces the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol which is responsible for an increase in the risk of heart disease. Normal cheese has 30-40% saturated fat whereas low fat cheese, produced from skimmed milk contains 7-15% saturated fat. Commonly available cheeses such as cheddars, mozzarella, provolone and others, depending on the process and the country where they are produced, are easily available in the market today. Low fat cheese is also available in various forms as a healthy alternative to regular cheese. Low fat cheese has almost all the applications that normal cheese has. Some of the products where low fat cheese is used are pizzas, sandwiches, hotdogs, and salads. The geographical market segments are North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World (RoW). Highest cheese consumption is seen in Europe while North America’s consumption is comparatively less. One of the key drivers for the growth in the demand for low fat cheese is the growing health consciousness among the people. Normal cheese is said to have higher amounts of fat as well as sodium. Moreover, much attention is given to the diet of children keeping in mind the adverse affects of cheese on the body in the long run. Also, cheese is a part of the culture in many countries, where it is consumed on a daily basis. One of the restraints to the low fat cheese market is its taste after the reduction of fat and sodium as the flavor of cheese depends on these two components. Some types of cheese like mozzarella, cottage cheese (paneer), and Swiss cheese have low salt and fat content naturally, compared to other cheese that contain artificially reduced salts. The major players in the market are now focusing on reducing fat and salts from cheese such as in American cheese which has a high amount of these components. Some of the major producers of low fat cheese are the Lactalis Group, Kraft Foods Group Inc., Fromageries Bel S.A., Bongrain S.A., Arla Foods and others. This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porter’s five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis. This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth It provides a technological growth map over time to understand the industry growth rate It provides a seven-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments It provides distinctive graphics and exemplified SWOT analysis of major market segments About us Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a market intelligence company providing global business research reports and consulting services. Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insights for thousands of decision-makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources along with various tools and techniques to gather and analyze Our data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects the latest trends and information Our Approach †¢ Our research reports cover global markets, present analysis and forecast for a period of five years. Respondents are led through a questionnaire to gather quantitative and qualitative inputs on their operations, performance, strategies and views on the overall market, including key developments and technology trends.

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal - 889 Words

Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015 Roe v. Wade, 1973 Same-Sex Marriage A Women’s Right to Abortion â€Å"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† The fourteenth amendment tells us that we have a right to our privileges and there can’t be a law that takes those away. If a state requires a license to be married, but also is able to deny people their license, isn’t that making a law that deprives a denies a person their right to be married? The case at hand was over whether or not gay marriage†¦show more content†¦Letting gay couples adopt would be great for the foster parents, open up more room for new foster children, and help the foster children that have been in there feel loved. There truly isn’t a bad side of same-sex marriage. After a case that lasted over a decade, the Supreme Court ruled that gay marriage was a right and that all bans set previously were no longer valid. The ruling was an extremely close one, but at last, same sex couples were able to be married which was their right all along. Even back in 1973, abortion was a hot topic. It is understandable that it would be a topic of concern considering many people view it as murder. I do not see it as murder, abortion is the right of the person carrying the baby. Some people get abortions because of rape, some get it because they aren’t financially able to care for the baby, some people get them because they are too young for a baby. I think all of those reasons are pretty good reasons to have an abortion. Many people fighting saying that pro life and that you can put the baby up for adoption fail to face the reality of how many children are already in foster care and aren’t able to find homes. I am sure foster care children are wishing their mothers had an abortion. They hate their lives. Some foster children even end up not mentally right or are put into worse situations when the foster parents are

What is Meant by Market Effciency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2283 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Market efficiency has been a topic of interest and debate central amongst financial economists for more than five decades. Indeed, two of the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2013, Eugene Fama and Robert Shiller, have debated about the efficiency of markets since the 1980s. Concerns about market efficiency were catapulted to prominence most recently by the financial crisis of 2007-8. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Meant by Market Effciency?" essay for you Create order Efficient capital markets are foundational to economic theories that posit the allocative efficiency of free markets, which requires informationally efficient capital allocation markets, such as those for equity and fixed income trading. An extended line of research has uncovered evidence of various anomalies which seem to challenge notions of market efficiency, and has also attempted to explain the causes of one such anomaly, the so-called size effect. Though there appears to be substantial evidence that the size effect is real and persistent, violating the efficiency market hypothesis, no substantial evidence supports the size effect as violating market efficiency. Market Efficiency Refers to the efficiency with which markets allocate savings amongst competing investments. In an allocationally efficient market, scarce savings are optimally allocated to productive investments in a way that benefits everyone (Copeland, et al., 2005, p. 353). To provide optimal investment allocation, capital prices must provide market participants with accurate signals, and therefore prices must fully and instantaneously reflect all available relevant information (Copeland, et al., 2005). In advanced economies, secondary stock markets play an indirect role in capital allocation by revealing investment opportunities and information about managers past investment decisions (Dow Gorton, 1997). For secondary stock markets, and other formal capital markets, to efficiently and effectively fulfill these two roles, securities prices must be good indicators of value (Fama, 1976, p. 133). Therefore, allocative market efficiency requires capital market prices to be informational effic ient. Informational efficiency implies no-arbitrage pricing of tradeable securities and entails several defining characteristics that form the basis of the efficiency market hypothesis. Generally, A market is efficient with respect to information set ÃŽËÅ"_t if it is impossible to make economic profits by trading on the basis of information set ÃŽËÅ"_t (Jensen, 1978, p. 98), where economic profits are defined as risk-adjusted returns minus trading and other costs. If security prices reflect all available relevant information, such as P/E ratios and past return variances, then it would be impossible to to use such information to profitably trade these securites. Therefore tests of the possibility of using publicly available information to earn economic profits constitute tests of infomational effiency. Tests of informational market efficiency generally take three forms, and comprise the elements of the efficient market hypothesis. Fama (1969) defined the three forms of ma rket efficiency as the weak, semi-strong and strong form, with each form characterised by the nature of the information central to its application. Weak form efficiency tests are tests of the viability of using past price history of the market to predict future returns (which is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for trading for economic profits). The semi-strong form of the efficienct market hypothesis tests whether all publicly available information could be used by traders to earn economic profits. And finally, the strong form of market effiency tests the viability of using all information, public as well as private, to generate economic profits. In the literature and amongst practicioners, it is the semi-strong form which represents the accepted paradigm and is what is generally meant by unqualified references in the literature to the Efficient Market Hypothesis' (Jensen, 1978, p. 99). And though some references to market efficiency allude to the allocative efficiency of markets, the term market efficiency usually refers to informational efficiency as operationally defined by Famas efficiency market hypothesis, specifically the semi-strong formulation. Since its formulation in the late 1960s, researchers have conducted thousands of tests of the efficiency market hypothesis and have found various anomalies, such as the size effect, which appear to violate the market efficiency. Banz (1981) examined NYSE-listed common stock returns between 1936 and 1975 and found stocks with the smallest market capitalisaation earned a risk-adjusted return 0.40% per month higher than the remaining firms in his sample, which was the first evidence that the size effect posed a challenge to semi-strong form efficiency. Analysing a sample of 566 NYSE and AMEX stocks over the 1963à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1977 period, Reinganum (1981) found that portfolios constructed based on size exhibited predicatability of future returns, with the smallest sized portfolio outperforming the largest decile by 1.77% per month. Keim (1983), testing NYSE and AMEX stocks over the 1963-1979 period, reported a size premium of approximately 2.5% per month. Lamoureux Sanger (1989) found a size premium for NASDAQ stocks (2.0% per month) and for NYSE/AMEX stocks (1.7% per month) over the 1973 to 1985 period. Fama French (1992, p.438) concluded, The size effect (smaller stocks have higher average returns) is robust in the 1963-1990 returns on NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ stocks. Though evidence continued to mount of a size effect, which entails that average stock returns of firms with small market capitalisation were significantly higher than the average returns for large capitalisation firms, Fama and Frenchs paper preceded decades of research regarding explanations for the size effect and its possible implications. Over the years researchers have offered a variety of empirical explanations, some of them mutually exclusive, for the size effect. Robert Merton (1987) argued that sm aller firms have smaller investor bases and are less likely than larger firms to enjoy an institutional following amongst investors, making smaller firms less liquid and cheaper, which resulted in greater risk-adjusted returns. Chan Chen (1991) asserted that smaller firms are more likely than large firms to either be distressed or only marginally profitable, and therefore small firms prices are more responsive to changing business conditions, which loaded the size effect. Fama French (1993, p.5) formed 25 portfolios of securities based on size and book-to-market and found that these portfolios constructed to mimic risk factors related to size and BE/ME capture strong common variation in returns, no matter what else is in the time-series regressions. This is evidence that size and book-to-market equity indeed proxy for sensitivity to common risk factors in stock returns. Verifying their argument that the size effect was a proxy for common risk factors, Fama French (1995) found evi dence that firm size loaded profitability risk into the cross-section of stock returns. These, and other, empirical findings shed light on possible reasons for the size effect, but a consensus explanation never developed around a single cause. In contrast to the empirical and economic explanations for the size effect, some researchers questioned whether the size effect existed at all. Shumway Warther (1999) argued that the small firm effect is essentially a statistical illusion, related not to actual share prices but to market microstructure issues which inhibit proper measurement of price movements. They examined prices of NASDAQ-listed firms from 1972 to 1995, a period previous research associated with significant size effect, and found that after considering delisting bias (by accounting for delisted firms final price movements before removal from the sample), the size effect disappeared completely. Wang (2000) argued along similar lines, contending the size effect resulted f rom survivorship bias. He argued that small stocks are relatively more volatile and therefore more likely than large firms to be delisted due to bankruptcy or failing to meet listing requirements. These delisted stocks are often excluded from the samples studied for the size effect, which would bias the returns of small stocks upwards. Wang (2000) used simulation experiments to test for the likelihood of the small firm effect under such circumstances and concluded that the effect was spurious. Examining all of the above explanations and others, Dijk (2011, p. 3272) concludes, The empirical evidence for the size effect is consistent at first sight, but fragile at closer inspection. I believe that more empirical research is needed to establish the validity of the size effect. Though the causes of the size effect are interesting and remain an important topic of debate, more important are the possible implications of the size anomaly for the efficiency market hypothesis. The size ano maly appears to present a violation of efficient markets, especially to those observers who wrongfully presume that market efficiency implies stock prices must follow a random walk; however, no researcher has yet to show that information related to firm size can be leveraged by traders to earn economic profits. Recalling Jensens (1978) definition of informational efficiency, the size effect violates market efficiency only if such information could be used to generate risk-adjusted abnormal returns. Though the size effect may indicate that stock returns are predictable, if transaction costs are very high, predictability is no longer ruled out by arbitrage, since it would be too expensive to take advantage of even a large, predictable component in returns (Timmermann Granger, 2004, p. 19). Therefore return predictability invalidates market efficiency when it produces risk-adjusted returns that subsume transaction costs. According to Stoll and Whaley (1983), who test whether the size anomaly can be exploited to earn risk-adjusted returns greater than transactions costs, find it is not possible for the sample of NYSE-listed firms examined over the 1960 to 1979 period. This is due in part to the relatively insignificance of small firms in relation to the market as a whole. As noted by Fama (1991, p. 1589), the bottom quintile [of stocks] is only 1.5% of the combined value of NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ stocks. In contrast, the largest quintile has 389 stocks (7.6% of the total), but it is 77.2% of market wealth. So, even if the size effect is granted perfect validity, it does not necessarily negate the efficient market hypothesis. A final set of reasons ameliorating concerns about the size effects threat to market efficiency is related to model specification. Abstracting from the specific arguments related to size effects, consideration of the joint hypothesis problem dampens concerns that size effects could be determined to violate market efficiency. Roll (1976) no ted that the pricing models used to test market efficiency were also necessarily testing the validity of the specification of the market model (specifically, the validity of the market model proxy), which means that researchers models were necessarily underspecified. Violations seemingly attributable to the size effect, or any other apparent anomaly, can always be attributed to mispecification of the market model or mismeasurement of the market proxy, making it impossible to definitively infer anamolous behavior as evidence of market efficiency. Additionally, this time pointed out by Fama (1991, pp. 1588-9), small-stock returnsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are sensitive to small changes (imposed by rational trading) in the way small-stock portfolios are defined. This suggests that, until we know more about the pricing (and economic fundamentals) of small stocks, inferences should be cautious for the many anomalies where small stocks play a large roleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Therefore, though there seems t o be robust evidence for a size effect, transaction costs overwhelm risk-adjusted returns and model specification concerns generally blunt notions that size effects can be shown to disprove market efficiency. The global financial crisis of 2007-8 renewed prominent calls for dispensation of the notion of efficient markets, as the allocative efficiency of markets seemed in doubt after so much capital appeared to be wasted on ill-advised investments. But efficient market allocation of investments relies not on ex post views of past downturns, but on ex ante decisions about future investment opportunities. Efficient markets imply that all relevant information is impounded in current asset prices, maximising market participants ability to allocate investment, which necessarily implies that the future is unpredictableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ market efficiency prohibited the ability to forecast the financial crisis, as the model predicts. Alternatively, a long line of research has examined the possibility that anomalies, such as the size effect, disprove market efficiency. The size effect, however, though an interesting puzzle regarding the cross-section of stock returns, does not disprove market efficiency. References Banz, R., 1981. The relationship between return and market value of common stocks. Journal of Financial Economics, 9(1), pp. 3-18. Chan, K. Chen, N., 1991. Structural and Return Characteristics of Small and Large Firms. The Journal of Finance, 46(4), pp. 1467-84. Copeland, T., Watson, J. Shastri, K., 2005. Financial Theory and Corporate Policy. Fourth ed. London: Pearson. Dijk, M. A. v., 2011. Is size dead? A review of the size effect in equity returns. Journal of Banking Finance, 35(12), pp. 3263-74. Dow, J. Gorton, G., 1997. Stock Market Efficiency and Economic Efficiency: Is There a Connection?. The Journal of Finance, 52(3), pp. 1087-1129. Fama, E., 1969. Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), pp. 383-417. Fama, E., 1976. Foundations of Finance. New York: Basic Books. Fama, E., 1991. Efficient Capital Markets: II. The Journal of Finance, 46(5), pp. 1575-1617. Fama, E. F. French, K. R., 1992. The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), pp. 427-465. Fama, E. F. French, K. R., 1993. Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), pp. 3-65. Fama, E. F. French, K. R., 1995. Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns. The Journal of Finance, 50(1), pp. 131-155. Jensen, M., 1978. Some Anomalous Evidence Regarding Market Efficiency. Journal of Financial Economics, 6(2/3), pp. 95-101. Keim, D. B., 1983. Size-related anomalies and stock return seasonality: Further empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 12(1), pp. 13-32. Lamoureux, C. G. Sanger, G. C., 1989. Firm Size and Turn-of-the-Year Effects in the OTC/NASDAQ Market. The Journal of Finance, 44(5), pp. 1219-1245. Merton, R., 1987. A Simple Model of Capital Market Equilibrium with Incomplete Information. The Journal of Finance, 42(3), pp. 483-510. Reinganum, M. R., 1981. Misspecification of capital asset pricing: Empirical anomalies based on earnings yields and market values. Journal of Financial Economics, 9(1), pp. 19-46. Shumway, T. Warther, V. A., 1999. The Delisting Bias in CRSPs Nasdaq Data and Its Implications for the Size Effect. The Journal of Finance, 54(6), pp. 2361-79. Timmermann, A. Granger, C. W., 2004. Efficient market hypothesis and forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 20 (1), pp. 15-27. Wang, X., 2000. Size effect, book-to-market effect, and survival. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 10(3-4), pp. 257-73.

Essay Is Crime a Biological or Learned Behavior - 1275 Words

There has always been a fascination with trying to determine what causes an individual to become a criminal? Of course a large part of that fascination has to do with the want to reduce crime, and to determine if there is a way to detect and prevent individuals from committing crime. Determining what causes criminality is still not perfectly clear and likewise, there is still debate as to whether crime is caused biologically, environmentally, or socially. Furthermore, the debate is directly correlated to the notion of nurture vs nature. Over time many researchers have presented various theories pertaining to what causes criminal behavior. There are many theories that either support or oppose the concept of crime being biological rather†¦show more content†¦88-89). The conclusion that Lombroso came up with was that there is a born criminal type (Thompson and Bynum, 2010, P. 89). This concept of physical characteristics was used in other fields, like Anthropology to see if peo ple of a certain race were more primitive then others. It is not all that surprising that it was used to try and establish if criminals could be distinguished in the same manner. The concept of individuals being born as a criminal type is still unclear. Of course this concept has been expanded well beyond just looking at physical traits. Researchers have also looked at criminal behavior from a genetic aspect. In fact, behavioral genetic research has show that genes influence individual differences in a wide range of human behaviors -cognition, academic achievement, personality and temperament (including such traits as aggression and hostility), psychopathology, and even vocational interests and social attitudes (Meadows, 2010, P.16). There may in fact be a connection between how an individual is wired and the behavior that results. This does not necessarily mean that some individuals are inevitably going to become a criminal. However, some individuals may simply have a greater tendency to be more aggressive and thus less likely to control emotions absent some type of positive interventions (Meadows, 2010, P. 16). Furthermore, genetic research looks at the heritability of certain disorders and specific genes thatShow MoreRelatedEssay Biological Explanations of Criminal Behaviour1357 Words   |  6 PagesCrime theorie s are still in a development stage; it is an evolutionary process that continues to this day. Crime is still a complex and misunderstood phenomenon with no concrete evidence when it comes to human behavior. Throughout time there have been endless amounts of crime theories, few of which revolve around biological explanations. 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In the 19th century, slum poverty was blamed; in the 20th century, a childhood without love was blamed (Adams 152). In the era going into the new millennium, most experts and theorists have given up all hope in trying to pinpoint one single aspect that causes crime. Many experts believe some people are natural born criminals who are born with criminal mindsets, and this is unchangeable. However, criminals are not a product of heredity.Read MoreThe Causes of Crime1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe causes of crime seem to be indefinite and ever changing. In the 19th century; slum poverty was blamed, in the 20th century, a childhood without love was blamed (Adams 152). In the era going into the new millennium , most experts and theorists have given up all hope in trying to pinpoint one single aspect that causes crime. Many experts believe some people are natural born criminals who are born with criminal mindsets, and this is unchangeable. However, criminals are not a product of heredity

Linguistic Manipulation in Advertising Essay Example For Students

Linguistic Manipulation in Advertising Essay Rudyard Kipling once said, Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind. This statement is so very true within all aspects of life especially in the advertising industry. Creators of advertisements use powerful words in unusual combinations, sometimes with visuals, to inhabit and manipulate the readers/viewers minds. Consumers need to be aware of the various linguistic (relating to language) devices used in advertising in order to lessen the suasive effect from the manipulation within advertisements. According to Alan C. Harriss article entitled, Sell! Buy! Semiolinguistic Manipulation in Print Advertising, manipulation of linguistic form means that a small idea or object will undergo some enhancement, change, transformation, mutilation, or mutation that is relatively unexpected on behalf of the reader/viewer. The manipulation usually stands out of the ordinary to grab the attention of potential purchasers which increases the purchasing consideration of the advertised product/service to the exclusion of all other similar products/services. Advertisers use foregrounding to provide the manipulation within their advertisements. In advertising, foregrounding is a linguistic process in which certain components such as words, phrases, intonations (inflections), or symbolic visuals are made more meaningfully significant and prominent. By using linguistic devices in foregrounding, the advertiser marks, stresses, or contrasts in a unique, noteworthy manner which is conveyed to the consume r. We will write a custom essay on Linguistic Manipulation in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the more widely acknowledged linguistic devices used in foregrounding is the claim.The claim is the verbal or printed part of an advertisement that makes some claim of superiority by providing an appealing manipulation sometimes with creative visuals. Advertisers use the claim to portray an essential rightness which is conveyed to the reader/viewer. There are ten common claims that Jeffrey Schrank identifies in his essay, The Language of Advertising Claims. As Jeffrey points out, a few of these claims are downright lies, some are honest statements about a truly superior product, but most fit into the manipulation category with carefully chosen linguistic devices. The first claim Jeffrey mentions is the weasel claim which is a modifying device that practically counteracts the claim and is appropriately named after the egg eating practices of the weasel. When consumed, the shell of the egg appears undamaged, but the weasel has actually sucked out the core of the egg. Likewise, the linguistic device initially appears considerable but proves to be meaningless. Some of the pinpointing weasel words are helps; like (used in comparison); virtually; enriched; and many other manipulative enhancers. An advertiser might claim that their dish soap will leave dishes virtually spotless. They want us to think of spotless, but the advertisers slipped their sly, glorified, weasel word virtually into the phrase hoping the reader/viewer will disregard it. The second claim is the unfinished claim which suggests a product is better than something else but is unclear, because the comparison wasnt finished. The car manufacturer could claim, Ford is seven hundred percent quieter. If given this information, the reader/viewer would be under the impression that this fact is part of a comparison to another vehicle. In actuality Ford used this manipulation to promote that their car was seven hundred percent quieter in the interior as opposed to the exterior. The third claim is the We are different and unique claim. This claim is suppose to provide a unique distinction above similar products/services. An example of this claim is Only Zenith has chromacolor. Other manufacturers make similar television sets but can not use the word chromacolor in their ad because of a copyright trade name Zenith holds. The fourth claim is the Water is Wet claim. This type of claim is usually factual but is also true in similar products/services. A billboard sign could say Mobil: the Detergent Gasoline. This is a true statement and tries to show a unique quality, but in actuality, all gasoline acts as a cleaning agent. .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .postImageUrl , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:hover , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:visited , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:active { border:0!important; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:active , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different methods to grab our attention EssayThe fifth claim is the so what claim. This claim might have a slight advantage over another product/service but without any relevance for the consumer. An example of the so what claim is Geritol has more than twice the iron of ordinary supplements. Does the consumer really benefit with the increased intake?The sixth claim is the vague claim which overlaps some of the other claims. The vague claim is also unclear and usually contains a weasel word that uses subjective opinions that do not have adequate verification. The claim, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should, uses an appealing personal opinion, tastes good, along with the weasel word, like. The endorsement or testimonial is the seventh claim Jeffrey identifies. The endorsement or testimonial involves the use of a superstar to promote a product/service. Sometimes the celebrity or authority will claim to use the product but quite often they do not. Michael Jordan endorsed Wheaties by using the claim, Breakfast of Champions. The eighth claim is the scientific or statistical claim which uses specific numbers from a scientific experiment or an enhanced mystery element. An example of this claim is Wonder Break helps build strong bodies twelve ways. The number twelve provides an impressive support for the statement, but the claim also uses the weasel word, helps. The ninth claim is the compliment the consumer complaint which flatters the reader/viewer. We think the cigar smoker is someone special, is one illustration. The claim advertises the product and provides a good reassuring feeling for the consumer who smokes cigars. The last claim Jeffrey identifies is the rhetorical question. This technique is used to assert the products/services appealing qualities to the reader/listener by demanding a response. Ford uses many videos and pictures of their vehicles in their advertisements and then asks their audience Have you driven a Ford lately? This claim along with the nine others mentioned by Jeffrey Schrank are some of the more common manipulative devices in advertising. There are also symbolic visuals that are often manipulated or enhanced. In America and many other countries, advertisers often exploit models for their sexual characteristics in order to promote their product/service. Advertisers also use supernatural visuals to market. Mountain Dew is widely known for this endorsement in their Do the Dew campaign. In one of their commercials, an outdoorsman drinks a can of Mountain Dew, challenges a mountain goat, and wins a ramming battle for territorial rights on the mountain. Granted, Mountain Dew doe s have a significant amount of caffeine, but their enhanced triumph isnt realistic. However, the ad does stand out of the ordinary and captures the viewers attention. The various manipulations of advertisement in all of the mentioned devices are constructed to appeal to the reader/viewer by the unique properties of the ad and increase the consideration of the products/services. By recognizing the diverse variations of linguistics devices, the consumer should be able to minimize the chance of falling victim to the manipulation in the advertising industry.