What is Meant by Market Effciency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2283 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Market efficiency has been a topic of interest and debate central amongst financial economists for more than five decades. Indeed, two of the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2013, Eugene Fama and Robert Shiller, have debated about the efficiency of markets since the 1980s. Concerns about market efficiency were catapulted to prominence most recently by the financial crisis of 2007-8. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Meant by Market Effciency?" essay for you Create order Efficient capital markets are foundational to economic theories that posit the allocative efficiency of free markets, which requires informationally efficient capital allocation markets, such as those for equity and fixed income trading. An extended line of research has uncovered evidence of various anomalies which seem to challenge notions of market efficiency, and has also attempted to explain the causes of one such anomaly, the so-called size effect. Though there appears to be substantial evidence that the size effect is real and persistent, violating the efficiency market hypothesis, no substantial evidence supports the size effect as violating market efficiency. Market Efficiency Refers to the efficiency with which markets allocate savings amongst competing investments. In an allocationally efficient market, scarce savings are optimally allocated to productive investments in a way that benefits everyone (Copeland, et al., 2005, p. 353). To provide optimal investment allocation, capital prices must provide market participants with accurate signals, and therefore prices must fully and instantaneously reflect all available relevant information (Copeland, et al., 2005). In advanced economies, secondary stock markets play an indirect role in capital allocation by revealing investment opportunities and information about managers past investment decisions (Dow Gorton, 1997). For secondary stock markets, and other formal capital markets, to efficiently and effectively fulfill these two roles, securities prices must be good indicators of value (Fama, 1976, p. 133). Therefore, allocative market efficiency requires capital market prices to be informational effic ient. Informational efficiency implies no-arbitrage pricing of tradeable securities and entails several defining characteristics that form the basis of the efficiency market hypothesis. Generally, A market is efficient with respect to information set ÃŽËÅ"_t if it is impossible to make economic profits by trading on the basis of information set ÃŽËÅ"_t (Jensen, 1978, p. 98), where economic profits are defined as risk-adjusted returns minus trading and other costs. If security prices reflect all available relevant information, such as P/E ratios and past return variances, then it would be impossible to to use such information to profitably trade these securites. Therefore tests of the possibility of using publicly available information to earn economic profits constitute tests of infomational effiency. Tests of informational market efficiency generally take three forms, and comprise the elements of the efficient market hypothesis. Fama (1969) defined the three forms of ma rket efficiency as the weak, semi-strong and strong form, with each form characterised by the nature of the information central to its application. Weak form efficiency tests are tests of the viability of using past price history of the market to predict future returns (which is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for trading for economic profits). The semi-strong form of the efficienct market hypothesis tests whether all publicly available information could be used by traders to earn economic profits. And finally, the strong form of market effiency tests the viability of using all information, public as well as private, to generate economic profits. In the literature and amongst practicioners, it is the semi-strong form which represents the accepted paradigm and is what is generally meant by unqualified references in the literature to the Efficient Market Hypothesis' (Jensen, 1978, p. 99). And though some references to market efficiency allude to the allocative efficiency of markets, the term market efficiency usually refers to informational efficiency as operationally defined by Famas efficiency market hypothesis, specifically the semi-strong formulation. Since its formulation in the late 1960s, researchers have conducted thousands of tests of the efficiency market hypothesis and have found various anomalies, such as the size effect, which appear to violate the market efficiency. Banz (1981) examined NYSE-listed common stock returns between 1936 and 1975 and found stocks with the smallest market capitalisaation earned a risk-adjusted return 0.40% per month higher than the remaining firms in his sample, which was the first evidence that the size effect posed a challenge to semi-strong form efficiency. Analysing a sample of 566 NYSE and AMEX stocks over the 1963à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1977 period, Reinganum (1981) found that portfolios constructed based on size exhibited predicatability of future returns, with the smallest sized portfolio outperforming the largest decile by 1.77% per month. Keim (1983), testing NYSE and AMEX stocks over the 1963-1979 period, reported a size premium of approximately 2.5% per month. Lamoureux Sanger (1989) found a size premium for NASDAQ stocks (2.0% per month) and for NYSE/AMEX stocks (1.7% per month) over the 1973 to 1985 period. Fama French (1992, p.438) concluded, The size effect (smaller stocks have higher average returns) is robust in the 1963-1990 returns on NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ stocks. Though evidence continued to mount of a size effect, which entails that average stock returns of firms with small market capitalisation were significantly higher than the average returns for large capitalisation firms, Fama and Frenchs paper preceded decades of research regarding explanations for the size effect and its possible implications. Over the years researchers have offered a variety of empirical explanations, some of them mutually exclusive, for the size effect. Robert Merton (1987) argued that sm aller firms have smaller investor bases and are less likely than larger firms to enjoy an institutional following amongst investors, making smaller firms less liquid and cheaper, which resulted in greater risk-adjusted returns. Chan Chen (1991) asserted that smaller firms are more likely than large firms to either be distressed or only marginally profitable, and therefore small firms prices are more responsive to changing business conditions, which loaded the size effect. Fama French (1993, p.5) formed 25 portfolios of securities based on size and book-to-market and found that these portfolios constructed to mimic risk factors related to size and BE/ME capture strong common variation in returns, no matter what else is in the time-series regressions. This is evidence that size and book-to-market equity indeed proxy for sensitivity to common risk factors in stock returns. Verifying their argument that the size effect was a proxy for common risk factors, Fama French (1995) found evi dence that firm size loaded profitability risk into the cross-section of stock returns. These, and other, empirical findings shed light on possible reasons for the size effect, but a consensus explanation never developed around a single cause. In contrast to the empirical and economic explanations for the size effect, some researchers questioned whether the size effect existed at all. Shumway Warther (1999) argued that the small firm effect is essentially a statistical illusion, related not to actual share prices but to market microstructure issues which inhibit proper measurement of price movements. They examined prices of NASDAQ-listed firms from 1972 to 1995, a period previous research associated with significant size effect, and found that after considering delisting bias (by accounting for delisted firms final price movements before removal from the sample), the size effect disappeared completely. Wang (2000) argued along similar lines, contending the size effect resulted f rom survivorship bias. He argued that small stocks are relatively more volatile and therefore more likely than large firms to be delisted due to bankruptcy or failing to meet listing requirements. These delisted stocks are often excluded from the samples studied for the size effect, which would bias the returns of small stocks upwards. Wang (2000) used simulation experiments to test for the likelihood of the small firm effect under such circumstances and concluded that the effect was spurious. Examining all of the above explanations and others, Dijk (2011, p. 3272) concludes, The empirical evidence for the size effect is consistent at first sight, but fragile at closer inspection. I believe that more empirical research is needed to establish the validity of the size effect. Though the causes of the size effect are interesting and remain an important topic of debate, more important are the possible implications of the size anomaly for the efficiency market hypothesis. The size ano maly appears to present a violation of efficient markets, especially to those observers who wrongfully presume that market efficiency implies stock prices must follow a random walk; however, no researcher has yet to show that information related to firm size can be leveraged by traders to earn economic profits. Recalling Jensens (1978) definition of informational efficiency, the size effect violates market efficiency only if such information could be used to generate risk-adjusted abnormal returns. Though the size effect may indicate that stock returns are predictable, if transaction costs are very high, predictability is no longer ruled out by arbitrage, since it would be too expensive to take advantage of even a large, predictable component in returns (Timmermann Granger, 2004, p. 19). Therefore return predictability invalidates market efficiency when it produces risk-adjusted returns that subsume transaction costs. According to Stoll and Whaley (1983), who test whether the size anomaly can be exploited to earn risk-adjusted returns greater than transactions costs, find it is not possible for the sample of NYSE-listed firms examined over the 1960 to 1979 period. This is due in part to the relatively insignificance of small firms in relation to the market as a whole. As noted by Fama (1991, p. 1589), the bottom quintile [of stocks] is only 1.5% of the combined value of NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ stocks. In contrast, the largest quintile has 389 stocks (7.6% of the total), but it is 77.2% of market wealth. So, even if the size effect is granted perfect validity, it does not necessarily negate the efficient market hypothesis. A final set of reasons ameliorating concerns about the size effects threat to market efficiency is related to model specification. Abstracting from the specific arguments related to size effects, consideration of the joint hypothesis problem dampens concerns that size effects could be determined to violate market efficiency. Roll (1976) no ted that the pricing models used to test market efficiency were also necessarily testing the validity of the specification of the market model (specifically, the validity of the market model proxy), which means that researchers models were necessarily underspecified. Violations seemingly attributable to the size effect, or any other apparent anomaly, can always be attributed to mispecification of the market model or mismeasurement of the market proxy, making it impossible to definitively infer anamolous behavior as evidence of market efficiency. Additionally, this time pointed out by Fama (1991, pp. 1588-9), small-stock returnsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are sensitive to small changes (imposed by rational trading) in the way small-stock portfolios are defined. This suggests that, until we know more about the pricing (and economic fundamentals) of small stocks, inferences should be cautious for the many anomalies where small stocks play a large roleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Therefore, though there seems t o be robust evidence for a size effect, transaction costs overwhelm risk-adjusted returns and model specification concerns generally blunt notions that size effects can be shown to disprove market efficiency. The global financial crisis of 2007-8 renewed prominent calls for dispensation of the notion of efficient markets, as the allocative efficiency of markets seemed in doubt after so much capital appeared to be wasted on ill-advised investments. But efficient market allocation of investments relies not on ex post views of past downturns, but on ex ante decisions about future investment opportunities. Efficient markets imply that all relevant information is impounded in current asset prices, maximising market participants ability to allocate investment, which necessarily implies that the future is unpredictableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ market efficiency prohibited the ability to forecast the financial crisis, as the model predicts. Alternatively, a long line of research has examined the possibility that anomalies, such as the size effect, disprove market efficiency. The size effect, however, though an interesting puzzle regarding the cross-section of stock returns, does not disprove market efficiency. References Banz, R., 1981. The relationship between return and market value of common stocks. Journal of Financial Economics, 9(1), pp. 3-18. Chan, K. Chen, N., 1991. Structural and Return Characteristics of Small and Large Firms. The Journal of Finance, 46(4), pp. 1467-84. Copeland, T., Watson, J. Shastri, K., 2005. Financial Theory and Corporate Policy. Fourth ed. London: Pearson. Dijk, M. A. v., 2011. Is size dead? A review of the size effect in equity returns. Journal of Banking Finance, 35(12), pp. 3263-74. Dow, J. Gorton, G., 1997. Stock Market Efficiency and Economic Efficiency: Is There a Connection?. The Journal of Finance, 52(3), pp. 1087-1129. Fama, E., 1969. Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), pp. 383-417. Fama, E., 1976. Foundations of Finance. New York: Basic Books. Fama, E., 1991. Efficient Capital Markets: II. The Journal of Finance, 46(5), pp. 1575-1617. Fama, E. F. French, K. R., 1992. The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), pp. 427-465. Fama, E. F. French, K. R., 1993. Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and Bonds. Journal of Financial Economics, 33(1), pp. 3-65. Fama, E. F. French, K. R., 1995. Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns. The Journal of Finance, 50(1), pp. 131-155. Jensen, M., 1978. Some Anomalous Evidence Regarding Market Efficiency. Journal of Financial Economics, 6(2/3), pp. 95-101. Keim, D. B., 1983. Size-related anomalies and stock return seasonality: Further empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 12(1), pp. 13-32. Lamoureux, C. G. Sanger, G. C., 1989. Firm Size and Turn-of-the-Year Effects in the OTC/NASDAQ Market. The Journal of Finance, 44(5), pp. 1219-1245. Merton, R., 1987. A Simple Model of Capital Market Equilibrium with Incomplete Information. The Journal of Finance, 42(3), pp. 483-510. Reinganum, M. R., 1981. Misspecification of capital asset pricing: Empirical anomalies based on earnings yields and market values. Journal of Financial Economics, 9(1), pp. 19-46. Shumway, T. Warther, V. A., 1999. The Delisting Bias in CRSPs Nasdaq Data and Its Implications for the Size Effect. The Journal of Finance, 54(6), pp. 2361-79. Timmermann, A. Granger, C. W., 2004. Efficient market hypothesis and forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 20 (1), pp. 15-27. Wang, X., 2000. Size effect, book-to-market effect, and survival. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 10(3-4), pp. 257-73.

Essay Is Crime a Biological or Learned Behavior - 1275 Words

There has always been a fascination with trying to determine what causes an individual to become a criminal? Of course a large part of that fascination has to do with the want to reduce crime, and to determine if there is a way to detect and prevent individuals from committing crime. Determining what causes criminality is still not perfectly clear and likewise, there is still debate as to whether crime is caused biologically, environmentally, or socially. Furthermore, the debate is directly correlated to the notion of nurture vs nature. Over time many researchers have presented various theories pertaining to what causes criminal behavior. There are many theories that either support or oppose the concept of crime being biological rather†¦show more content†¦88-89). The conclusion that Lombroso came up with was that there is a born criminal type (Thompson and Bynum, 2010, P. 89). This concept of physical characteristics was used in other fields, like Anthropology to see if peo ple of a certain race were more primitive then others. It is not all that surprising that it was used to try and establish if criminals could be distinguished in the same manner. The concept of individuals being born as a criminal type is still unclear. Of course this concept has been expanded well beyond just looking at physical traits. Researchers have also looked at criminal behavior from a genetic aspect. In fact, behavioral genetic research has show that genes influence individual differences in a wide range of human behaviors -cognition, academic achievement, personality and temperament (including such traits as aggression and hostility), psychopathology, and even vocational interests and social attitudes (Meadows, 2010, P.16). There may in fact be a connection between how an individual is wired and the behavior that results. This does not necessarily mean that some individuals are inevitably going to become a criminal. However, some individuals may simply have a greater tendency to be more aggressive and thus less likely to control emotions absent some type of positive interventions (Meadows, 2010, P. 16). Furthermore, genetic research looks at the heritability of certain disorders and specific genes thatShow MoreRelatedEssay Biological Explanations of Criminal Behaviour1357 Words   |  6 PagesCrime theorie s are still in a development stage; it is an evolutionary process that continues to this day. Crime is still a complex and misunderstood phenomenon with no concrete evidence when it comes to human behavior. Throughout time there have been endless amounts of crime theories, few of which revolve around biological explanations. 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Linguistic Manipulation in Advertising Essay Example For Students

Linguistic Manipulation in Advertising Essay Rudyard Kipling once said, Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind. This statement is so very true within all aspects of life especially in the advertising industry. Creators of advertisements use powerful words in unusual combinations, sometimes with visuals, to inhabit and manipulate the readers/viewers minds. Consumers need to be aware of the various linguistic (relating to language) devices used in advertising in order to lessen the suasive effect from the manipulation within advertisements. According to Alan C. Harriss article entitled, Sell! Buy! Semiolinguistic Manipulation in Print Advertising, manipulation of linguistic form means that a small idea or object will undergo some enhancement, change, transformation, mutilation, or mutation that is relatively unexpected on behalf of the reader/viewer. The manipulation usually stands out of the ordinary to grab the attention of potential purchasers which increases the purchasing consideration of the advertised product/service to the exclusion of all other similar products/services. Advertisers use foregrounding to provide the manipulation within their advertisements. In advertising, foregrounding is a linguistic process in which certain components such as words, phrases, intonations (inflections), or symbolic visuals are made more meaningfully significant and prominent. By using linguistic devices in foregrounding, the advertiser marks, stresses, or contrasts in a unique, noteworthy manner which is conveyed to the consume r. We will write a custom essay on Linguistic Manipulation in Advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the more widely acknowledged linguistic devices used in foregrounding is the claim.The claim is the verbal or printed part of an advertisement that makes some claim of superiority by providing an appealing manipulation sometimes with creative visuals. Advertisers use the claim to portray an essential rightness which is conveyed to the reader/viewer. There are ten common claims that Jeffrey Schrank identifies in his essay, The Language of Advertising Claims. As Jeffrey points out, a few of these claims are downright lies, some are honest statements about a truly superior product, but most fit into the manipulation category with carefully chosen linguistic devices. The first claim Jeffrey mentions is the weasel claim which is a modifying device that practically counteracts the claim and is appropriately named after the egg eating practices of the weasel. When consumed, the shell of the egg appears undamaged, but the weasel has actually sucked out the core of the egg. Likewise, the linguistic device initially appears considerable but proves to be meaningless. Some of the pinpointing weasel words are helps; like (used in comparison); virtually; enriched; and many other manipulative enhancers. An advertiser might claim that their dish soap will leave dishes virtually spotless. They want us to think of spotless, but the advertisers slipped their sly, glorified, weasel word virtually into the phrase hoping the reader/viewer will disregard it. The second claim is the unfinished claim which suggests a product is better than something else but is unclear, because the comparison wasnt finished. The car manufacturer could claim, Ford is seven hundred percent quieter. If given this information, the reader/viewer would be under the impression that this fact is part of a comparison to another vehicle. In actuality Ford used this manipulation to promote that their car was seven hundred percent quieter in the interior as opposed to the exterior. The third claim is the We are different and unique claim. This claim is suppose to provide a unique distinction above similar products/services. An example of this claim is Only Zenith has chromacolor. Other manufacturers make similar television sets but can not use the word chromacolor in their ad because of a copyright trade name Zenith holds. The fourth claim is the Water is Wet claim. This type of claim is usually factual but is also true in similar products/services. A billboard sign could say Mobil: the Detergent Gasoline. This is a true statement and tries to show a unique quality, but in actuality, all gasoline acts as a cleaning agent. .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .postImageUrl , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:hover , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:visited , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:active { border:0!important; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:active , .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0275a9f1d680eaf9c00244cd0e2c1b2b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different methods to grab our attention EssayThe fifth claim is the so what claim. This claim might have a slight advantage over another product/service but without any relevance for the consumer. An example of the so what claim is Geritol has more than twice the iron of ordinary supplements. Does the consumer really benefit with the increased intake?The sixth claim is the vague claim which overlaps some of the other claims. The vague claim is also unclear and usually contains a weasel word that uses subjective opinions that do not have adequate verification. The claim, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should, uses an appealing personal opinion, tastes good, along with the weasel word, like. The endorsement or testimonial is the seventh claim Jeffrey identifies. The endorsement or testimonial involves the use of a superstar to promote a product/service. Sometimes the celebrity or authority will claim to use the product but quite often they do not. Michael Jordan endorsed Wheaties by using the claim, Breakfast of Champions. The eighth claim is the scientific or statistical claim which uses specific numbers from a scientific experiment or an enhanced mystery element. An example of this claim is Wonder Break helps build strong bodies twelve ways. The number twelve provides an impressive support for the statement, but the claim also uses the weasel word, helps. The ninth claim is the compliment the consumer complaint which flatters the reader/viewer. We think the cigar smoker is someone special, is one illustration. The claim advertises the product and provides a good reassuring feeling for the consumer who smokes cigars. The last claim Jeffrey identifies is the rhetorical question. This technique is used to assert the products/services appealing qualities to the reader/listener by demanding a response. Ford uses many videos and pictures of their vehicles in their advertisements and then asks their audience Have you driven a Ford lately? This claim along with the nine others mentioned by Jeffrey Schrank are some of the more common manipulative devices in advertising. There are also symbolic visuals that are often manipulated or enhanced. In America and many other countries, advertisers often exploit models for their sexual characteristics in order to promote their product/service. Advertisers also use supernatural visuals to market. Mountain Dew is widely known for this endorsement in their Do the Dew campaign. In one of their commercials, an outdoorsman drinks a can of Mountain Dew, challenges a mountain goat, and wins a ramming battle for territorial rights on the mountain. Granted, Mountain Dew doe s have a significant amount of caffeine, but their enhanced triumph isnt realistic. However, the ad does stand out of the ordinary and captures the viewers attention. The various manipulations of advertisement in all of the mentioned devices are constructed to appeal to the reader/viewer by the unique properties of the ad and increase the consideration of the products/services. By recognizing the diverse variations of linguistics devices, the consumer should be able to minimize the chance of falling victim to the manipulation in the advertising industry.

Portia is a mixture of both attractive and less attractive qualities Essay Example For Students

Portia is a mixture of both attractive and less attractive qualities Essay Portia is, in my opinion, the most interesting character in The Merchant of Venice. She has two sides, kind of like a split personality. One minute shes helping people and being nice to them, then next shes back stabbing them and treating them like they are below her in some way. Portia makes us feel different emotions for her throughout the play. At some parts she makes us dislike her, others like her, others feel sorry for and even sometimes feel admiration for her. This makes reading about her very interesting as she never fails to entertain us and make us feel her as a real person. She can seem like an attractive woman, but at other times she makes us see her as the most unattractive person in the whole play. She has in many scenes, a devious side to her character. During the Court scene, she plays by the rules, other to her advantage. She plays devious tricks to win things over on her side. She shows great intelligence which is not something she could show as a woman at that time. This is why it is such a great achievement for her to win the court case as she is in disguise as a man. To her, it is a great personal achievement, especially as she has never studied law, she just played it to how she wanted, without breaking the rules. It is a remarkable stunt to pull, and she did it well with a little help from her maid Nerissa. The court scene is the most interesting scene in the play, and she is involved in a big way. She is disguised as a man, which makes us wonder throughout, will she win? Of course we discover she does, which is a wonder as it would be very difficult to do so without any degrees in law. Portia plays a dangerous game of what seems to be cat and mouse with Shylock in the all important court scene. She knows there is a catch in Shylocks bond all along, and is waiting to catch him out. Tarry a little, there is something else. This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood. The words expressly are a pound of flesh. Take then thy bond, take thou thy pound of flesh, But in the cutting it, if thou dost shed One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods Unto the state of Venice. Portia has caught Shylock out. She has revealed he can have the pound of flesh he wants, and he is overjoyed to hear this, but then she reveals that he must not let Bassanio bleed one drop of blood. This is impossible and Shylock knows it, and the penalty is that all his land and possessions go to the Venice state. She has the upper hand at this point, and it looks as though she will win the case. It is a surprise in this scene though, that Portia can be so generous with money, and yet be so mean to Shylock. She is a mixture of good and bad in this instance, which can confuse you a little as to what her motives for being so mean are. Maybe she is just racist against Jews, or maybe she is just trying to fool her husband into thinking she is a good person for lending money but, being mean to the Jew who he hates. Or it could just be because Shylock wants flesh from her husband, this could help us understand why she gives him such a hard time. Whatever her intentions, it keeps us all interested in her attractive and unattractive character throughout the entire scene. There are many factors which makes us dislike Portia, and make her seem like an ugly character. She does trick many people, including her own husband. .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba , .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .postImageUrl , .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba , .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:hover , .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:visited , .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:active { border:0!important; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:active , .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud073102749239ece3b7ac51d85a957ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fictional fantasy EssayTo test her husbands true love for her, she asks for the ring she gave him as a present, whilst he thinks she is the lawyer. This is a cruel trick, it puts Bassanio in a very difficult situation. If he gives the ring away then it would be betraying his wife, but if he doesnt give the ring to the lawyer, then he wouldnt be being respectful and granting the lawyers wish for a payback for helping him. She puts Bassanio in the most uncomfortable situation, and she watches as he decides what to do. It is a test of love, but an unfair one. She doesnt seem to care that it is a very difficult decision, all she cares about is what Bassanio will do, or rather who he will choose. I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all Here to this devil, to deliver you. Your wife would give you little thanks for that If she were by to hear you make the offer. Here Bassanio is talking to Portia, but he doesnt know it is she. He is saying he would sacrifice his wife for his friend Antonio, and Gratiano agrees with him. But what they dont know is that they are telling their wives, and we know they are. It is a cruel thing for Portia to stand there and act as if she agrees because Bassanio will never know the truth. We can also feel admiration for Portia though. She had the courage to become a lawyer for the trial, and she played it well. Not one other character suspected she was not sincere, which makes us feel as if she is somebody to be proud of, or to look up to. She is a clever woman, she had to pretend to be a man in front of a whole court room, and she managed to do it, and do it well. What is even more amazing, is that Portia does win the case. It is a feat which not many could do without needing some sort of education in the matter. Instead of studying and reading books for years, she used her intelligence and her integrity, and kept her wits about her. It worked, and she won the case fair and square. She can be seen as a strong character too, she manages to keep her composure when her husband gives the ring away. Whether or not it was her wish for him to choose, it was strong of her to act as if it didnt bother her. She could be seen as a role model in a way, she has an aim, and she works until she gets it. That shows true determination. In some ways, we can also feel sorry for her. She has to live by a strict routine left by her Father. She must obey by his rules, even if she doesnt agree with it. I may neither choose who I would, nor refuse who I dislike, so is the will of a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father. Her Father left his will of Portia to have to accept who to marry once they had chosen the correct casket. She has no involvement in the choosing, therefore she is unhappy that she could be married to somebody she doesnt love, or worse, not even like. It is a hard situation for Portia as she could end up married to an ugly suitor, or somebody completely the opposite to her. She is worried he will be incompatible, and she could be right. After all of this, she believes that Bassanio loves her, which makes the choosing process even harder to cope with. It is difficult, as she could marry a man when she is in love with another. We can pity her in this scene, but when Bassanio comes to choose a casket, Portia does cheat a little, by giving him hints as to which casket to choose. .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 , .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .postImageUrl , .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 , .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:hover , .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:visited , .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:active { border:0!important; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:active , .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71 .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u805534bcc9c27b82123ea7da5e7cca71:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The movies and drama EssayPortia is most of the time a mean person, especially to her suitors and to Shylock during the trial. She makes unkind remarks about her suitors when they arrive to choose a casket. The men have come to try and win her hand in marriage, but she sees the bad side to all of them, and takes them at face value, which is not a good trait to have. Another harmless character who she manages to get her claws out at, is Jessica. She offers her no support when she finds out she has run away from her Jewish Father. As Jessica is Jewish, Portia sees her as a person below her, just like Shylock. Even though Jessica is willing to convert to Christianity for her soon to be husband Lorenzo, Portia ignores this and treats her like any other Jew. She can also be a little rude, sometimes to her own maid, Nerissa. We can see Portia is much more interesting than Nerissa, but maybe that is only because we are not told anything about Nerissas past. She is just a side character. I think Portia expects Nerissa to agree with everything she says, even when she is wrong. The play involves many plots, but I think what much of it comes down to, is racism. Portia lays a huge part in being racist, especially with her suitors. She sees the Prince of Morocco as being black, so she purposely hints for him to choose the wrong casket, without giving him a chance to show his true self. It is unfair of her to assume he is a bad person just from his colour, but she doesnt just do this to him. A gentle riddance! Draw the curtains, go. Let all of his complexion choose me so. This is an unfair comment to make about his colour, especially just after he has chosen the wrong casket. She treats Jews the same. We can see this in the trial of Shylock, and if he wasnt a Jew, she may have treated him slightly better. Her character is the most interesting in the entire story I feel, she has many sides to her, and it makes every scene more interesting as we never know what she will do and how she will react to certain situations. She is a funny character sometimes too. Her collection of suitors amuses us, and amuses her too. She makes every act seem like a different character as she is so different all the time. I like the character of Portia, although sometimes she can be so cruel you can even hate her then like her again, as if by the switch of a button.

Mini English essay free essay sample

The article, â€Å"On Teenagers and Tattoos†, written by Dr. Andres Martin, is an interesting read that examines the significance and function of tattoos for teenagers. Dr. Martin spells out his claim in paragraph 2 that â€Å"Adolescents and their parents are often at odds over the acquisition of bodily decorations†, he continues to show the audience that for the adolescents tattoos are seen as beautifying statements, but for the parents it is seen as oppositional and enraging affronts to their authority. Dr. Martin qualifies his claim in paragraph 5 where he uses the word alternatively, which indicates that it gets to a point where the Adolescents have no control over all the markings on their body which in turn gives them a sense of normalcy and control. In paragraph 2, Martin is quite clear on when he would not press the claim: Distinguishing bodily adornment from self-mutilation may indeed prove challenging, particularly when a family is in disagreement over a teenager’s motivations and a clinician is summoned as the final arbiter. We will write a custom essay sample on Mini English essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He gives an examples and cites (Grumet, 1983). Claim: Adolescents and their parents are often at odds over the acquisition of bodily decorations. Qualifier: Alternatively and lastly exception is: Distinguishing bodily adornment from self-mutilation may indeed prove challenging, particularly when a family is in disagreement over a teenager’s motivations and a clinician is summoned as the final arbiter. Martin lists the reasons in all the paragraphs, by understanding the reasons or motivations behind tattoos, adults and parents can better understand and get to know their children. In this text, Martin addresses the growing obsession of tattoos, and why our youth is turning to a more permanent way of expressing themselves. † Thickly embedded in personally meaning memento of a relationship. But at times even the only evidence that there ever was such a bond†. He gives examples in two cases. A 13 year old proudly showed him a tattoo on his deltoid that had markings of the day and month of his birth; he also had other great pieces of tattoos envisioned for it. In another case, a proud father at 17 had a picture of his four month old baby girl tattooed on his chest. He proudly introduced her to Dr. Martin explaining how he would â€Å"always† know how beautiful she is today. The goal of this article was to inform adults of the many different motivations of teen tattooing in order to reduce the assumptions many adults make. For example, the text explains that while adolescents view tattoos as â€Å"personal and beautifying statements†, parents associate tattoos with â€Å"oppositional and enraging affronts to their authority. † Martin explains that in most situations this is not the case, and if parents would just show interest and â€Å"nonjudgmental appreciation† towards Adolescent’s tattoos, they would be able to communicate and make contact with their tattooed Adolescents. Martin is just trying to explain that if they view tattoos with an open mind, then maybe they can have a better understanding of why this is a growing epidemic within the teen community. Dr. Martin gives his readers a better understanding of the text. Martin’s utilization of all three persuasive appeals (Claim, reasons, and evidence) is the reason for his arguments strength. The combination of credibility, individual stories, and reason create an effective argument in which his purpose is clearly portrayed. In each section, Martin makes sure to include sufficient evidence and support to his claims so that he can get the readers acquainted. I am in support of Martin that if parents would just show interest and â€Å"nonjudgmental appreciation then their relationships with the Tattooed Adolescents would be great. Teenagers and Tattoos The article, â€Å"On Teenagers and Tattoos†, written by Dr. Andres Martin, is an interesting read that examines the significance and function of tattoos for teenagers. Dr. Martin spells out his claim in paragraph 2 that â€Å"Adolescents and their parents are often at odds over the acquisition of bodily decorations†, he continues to show the audience that for the adolescents tattoos are seen as beautifying statements, but for the parents it is seen as oppositional and enraging affronts to their authority. Dr. Martin qualifies his claim in paragraph 5 where he uses the word alternatively, which indicates that it gets to a point where the Adolescents have no control over all the markings on their body which in turn gives them a sense of normalcy and control. In paragraph 2, Martin is quite clear on when he would not press the claim: Distinguishing bodily adornment from self-mutilation may indeed prove challenging, particularly when a family is in disagreement over a teenager’s motivations and a clinician is summoned as the final arbiter. He gives an examples and cites (Grumet, 1983). Claim: Adolescents and their parents are often at odds over the acquisition of bodily decorations. Qualifier: Alternatively and lastly exception is: Distinguishing bodily adornment from self-mutilation may indeed prove challenging, particularly when a family is in disagreement over a teenager’s motivations and a clinician is summoned as the final arbiter. Martin lists the reasons in all the paragraphs, by understanding the reasons or motivations behind tattoos, adults and parents can better understand and get to know their children. In this text, Martin addresses the growing obsession of tattoos, and why our youth is turning to a more permanent way of expressing themselves. † Thickly embedded in personally meaning memento of a relationship. But at times even the only evidence that there ever was such a bond†. He gives examples in two cases. A 13 year old proudly showed him a tattoo on his deltoid that had markings of the day and month of his birth; he also had other great pieces of tattoos envisioned for it. In another case, a proud father at 17 had a picture of his four month old baby girl tattooed on his chest. He proudly introduced her to Dr. Martin explaining how he would â€Å"always† know how beautiful she is today. The goal of this article was to inform adults of the many different motivations of teen tattooing in order to reduce the assumptions many adults make. For example, the text explains that while adolescents view tattoos as â€Å"personal and beautifying statements†, parents associate tattoos with â€Å"oppositional and enraging affronts to their authority. † Martin explains that in most situations this is not the case, and if parents would just show interest and â€Å"nonjudgmental appreciation† towards Adolescent’s tattoos, they would be able to communicate and make contact with their tattooed Adolescents. Martin is just trying to explain that if they view tattoos with an open mind, then maybe they can have a better understanding of why this is a growing epidemic within the teen community. Dr. Martin gives his readers a better understanding of the text. Martin’s utilization of all three persuasive appeals (Claim, reasons, and evidence) is the reason for his arguments strength. The combination of credibility, individual stories, and reason create an effective argument in which his purpose is clearly portrayed. In each section, Martin makes sure to include sufficient evidence and support to his claims so that he can get the readers acquainted. I am in support of Martin that if parents would just show interest and â€Å"nonjudgmental appreciation then their relationships with the Tattooed Adolescents would be great. Teenagers and Tattoos The article, â€Å"On Teenagers and Tattoos†, written by Dr. Andres Martin, is an interesting read that examines the significance and function of tattoos for teenagers. Dr. Martin spells out his claim in paragraph 2 that â€Å"Adolescents and their parents are often at odds over the acquisition of bodily decorations†, he continues to show the audience that for the adolescents tattoos are seen as beautifying statements, but for the parents it is seen as oppositional and enraging affronts to their authority. Dr. Martin qualifies his claim in paragraph 5 where he uses the word alternatively, which indicates that it gets to a point where the Adolescents have no control over all the markings on their body which in turn gives them a sense of normalcy and control. In paragraph 2, Martin is quite clear on when he would not press the claim: Distinguishing bodily adornment from self-mutilation may indeed prove challenging, particularly when a family is in disagreement over a teenager’s motivations and a clinician is summoned as the final arbiter. He gives an examples and cites (Grumet, 1983). Claim: Adolescents and their parents are often at odds over the acquisition of bodily decorations. Qualifier: Alternatively and lastly exception is: Distinguishing bodily adornment from self-mutilation may indeed prove challenging, particularly when a family is in disagreement over a teenager’s motivations and a clinician is summoned as the final arbiter. Martin lists the reasons in all the paragraphs, by understanding the reasons or motivations behind tattoos, adults and parents can better understand and get to know their children. In this text, Martin addresses the growing obsession of tattoos, and why our youth is turning to a more permanent way of expressing themselves. † Thickly embedded in personally meaning memento of a relationship. But at times even the only evidence that there ever was such a bond†. He gives examples in two cases. A 13 year old proudly showed him a tattoo on his deltoid that had markings of the day and month of his birth; he also had other great pieces of tattoos envisioned for it. In another case, a proud father at 17 had a picture of his four month old baby girl tattooed on his chest. He proudly introduced her to Dr. Martin explaining how he would â€Å"always† know how beautiful she is today. The goal of this article was to inform adults of the many different motivations of teen tattooing in order to reduce the assumptions many adults make. For example, the text explains that while adolescents view tattoos as â€Å"personal and beautifying statements†, parents associate tattoos with â€Å"oppositional and enraging affronts to their authority. † Martin explains that in most situations this is not the case, and if parents would just show interest and â€Å"nonjudgmental appreciation† towards Adolescent’s tattoos, they would be able to communicate and make contact with their tattooed Adolescents. Martin is just trying to explain that if they view tattoos with an open mind, then maybe they can have a better understanding of why this is a growing epidemic within the teen community. Dr. Martin gives his readers a better understanding of the text. Martin’s utilization of all three persuasive appeals (Claim, reasons, and evidence) is the reason for his arguments strength. The combination of credibility, individual stories, and reason create an effective argument in which his purpose is clearly portrayed. In each section, Martin makes sure to include sufficient evidence and support to his claims so that he can get the readers acquainted. I am in support of Martin that if parents would just show interest and â€Å"nonjudgmental appreciation then their relationships with the Tattooed Adolescents would be great.

About Jørn Utzon, Architect of the Sydney Opera House

About Jà ¸rn Utzon, Architect of the Sydney Opera House Any biography of Jà ¸rn Utzon (born  April 9, 1918) will certainly say that his best-known building is his revolutionary Sydney Opera House in Australia. Yet, as a private Dane born in Copenhagen, Utzon created many other masterpieces in his lifetime. He is noted for his courtyard-style housing in Denmark, but he also designed exceptional buildings in Kuwait and Iran. His architecture combines the organic elements of Frank Lloyd Wright with Middle Eastern and Islamic elements.   Jà ¸rn Utzon was perhaps destined to design buildings that evoke the sea. His father,  Aage Utzon (1885-1970), was director of a shipyard in Alborg, Denmark, and was himself a brilliant naval architect, well-known in the area for designing custom-made yachts. Yachting and racing was an activity within the Utzon family, and the young Jà ¸rn became a good sailor himself. The Utzons grew up with sails. Until about the age of 18, Utzon considered a career as a naval officer. While still in secondary school, he began helping his father at the shipyard, studying new designs, drawing up plans and making model yachts. This activity opened another possibility - that of training to be a naval architect like his father. During summer holidays with his grandparents, Jà ¸rn Utzon met two artists, Paul Schrà ¸der and Carl Kyberg, who introduced him to art. One of his father’s cousins, Einar Utzon-Frank, who happened to be a sculptor and a professor at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, provided additional inspiration. The future architect took an interest in sculpting, and at one point, indicated a desire to be an artist. Even though his final marks in secondary school were quite poor, particularly in mathematics, Utzon excelled in freehand drawing - a talent strong enough to win his admission to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. He was soon recognized as having extraordinary gifts in architectural design. While in school, he became interested in the works of architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), who would remain influential all of Utzons life. He earned a Diploma in Architecture from the Academy in 1942, and then fled to neutral Sweden during War War II. He worked in the Stockholm office of Hakon Ahlberg for the duration of the War, where he studied the work of Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund (1885-1940), known for what is called Nordic Classicism. Following the War, Utzon had the great opportunity to work with the modernist architect Alvar Aalto at his studio in Finland. By 1949 Utzon had received a grant to travel in Morocco, Mexico, the United States, China, Japan, India, and Australia - a whirlwind world excursion that would eventually inform his architectural designs for years to come.. All of the trips had significance, and Utzon himself described ideas he learned from Mexico. As an architectonic element, the platform is fascinating, Utzon has said. I lost my heart to it on a trip to Mexico in 1949. On the Yucatan he saw land covered by low height, dense jungle. But by building up the platform on a level with the roof of the jungle, says Utzon, these people had suddenly conquered a new dimension that was a worthy place for the worship of their gods. They built their temples on these high platforms, which can be as much as a hundred metres long. From here, they had the sky, the clouds and the breeze.... Utzon remembered this experience as he submitted his design for the Sydney Opera House competition. The next year, in 1950, Utzon returned to Copenhagen, and opened his own practice. Utzons Architecture When looking at the architecture of Jà ¸rn Utzon, the observer notices repeating architectural details - the skylights, the white curves, the appreciation for natural elements, the stationary platform on which Utzon designs may soar. His last project, the Utzon Center in Aalborg, Denmark, opened the year Utzon died, but exhibits the elements he saw throughout his life - the Islamic-like towers, the interior courtyards, the curves and the skylights. The interior of the Bagsvaerd Church, built in 1976, was envisioned with a ceiling of clouds, a sweeping white pillow motif also seen in the 1982 Kuwait National Assembly in Kuwait City and the spiral stairway of the Melli Bank, University of Tehran Branch in 1960 Iran. Yet it is the Sydney Opera House in Australia that has captured the moniker of iconic architecture. The iconic design of the Sydney Opera House complex comes from the shell-shape of the multiple roofs - they are all geometrically part of one sphere. A bonze plaque located onsite visually demonstrates the architectural idea and design solution, who wanted the plaque to explain the spherical concept of the architecture. The key to the shell design is that each shell or sail is an element of a solid sphere. The plaque Inscription tells the story: after three years of intensive search for a basic geometry for the shell complex I arrived in october 1961 at the spherical solution shown here.I call this my key to the shells because it solves all the problems of construction by opening up for mass production, precision in manufacture and simple erection and with this geometrical system I attain full harmony between all the shapes in this fantastic complex.jà ³rn utzon Danish architect Jà ¸rn Utzon was only 38 when he won the competition to build the Sydney Opera House.   The project became the highlight of his career but brought enormous challenges in engineering and building technology. Utzons winning design, submitted in 1957, moved through a complicated process with many adaptations and innovations before the Sydney Opera House officially opened on October 20, 1973. Utzons Legacy Ada Louise Huxtable, an architecture critic and a member of the 2003 Pritzker Prize jury, commented, In a forty year practice, each commission displays a continuing development of ideas both subtle and bold, true to the teaching of early pioneers of a new architecture, but that cohere in a prescient way, most visible now, to push the boundaries of architecture toward the present. This has produced a range of work from the sculptural abstraction of the Sydney Opera House that foreshadowed the avant garde expression of our time, and is widely considered to be the most notable monument of the 20th century, to handsome, humane housing and a church that remains a masterwork today. Carlos Jimenez, an architect on the Pritzker Jury, noted that ...each work startles with with its irrepressible creativity. How else to explain the lineage binding those indelible ceramic sails on the Tasmanian Sea, the fertile optimism of the housing at Fredensborg, or those sublime undulations of the ceilings at Bagsvà ¦rd, to name just three of Utzon’s timeless works. At the end of his life, the Pritzker Prize-winning architect faced new challenges. A degenerative eye condition left Utzon nearly blind. Also, according to news reports, Utzon clashed with his son and grandson over a remodeling project at the Sydney Opera House. The acoustics at the Opera House was criticized, and many people complained that the celebrated theater did not have enough performance or backstage space. Jà ¸rn Utzon died of a heart attack on November 29, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark at age 90. He was survived by his wife and their three children, Kim, Jan and Lin, and several grandchildren who work in architecture and related fields. There is no doubt that artistic clashes will be forgotten as the world honors  Jà ¸rn Utzons powerful artistic legacy. The architectural firm he founded, Utzon Associates Architects, is in Hellebaek, Denmark. Sources Biography, The Hyatt Foundation, PDF at https://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/2003_bio_0.pdfAbout the Utzon Family, https://utzon.dk/utzon-associates-architects/the-utzon-familyJury Citation, The Hyatt Foundation, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/jury-citation-jorn-utzonGouse History, Sydney Opera House, https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/our-story/sydney-opera-house-history.htm Fast Facts Born April 9, 1918 in Copenhagen, DenmarkInfluenced by Mayan, Islamic, and Chinese architecture; Frank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Aalto; growing up next to a shipyardBest-known as the architect of the Sydney Opera House (1957-1973) in Sydney, AustraliaDied November 29, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark

Developing new or existing funding streams for a Social Enterprise or Essay

Developing new or existing funding streams for a Social Enterprise or Charity Project - Essay Example In general, social enterprises are typically considered to be those organisations that apply commercial techniques for the purpose of maximising enhancements especially in environmental along with human well-being rather than exploiting profits for their respective external shareholders (Price, 2009). It is worth mentioning that social enterprises can often act in the form of a social oriented business, a mutual along with co-operative organisation or a charity based establishment. It has been apparently observed that the different service enterprises located in diverse regions throughout the globe possess certain significant social targets. These social goals comprise attaining favourable environmental, community and cultural or social outcomes, effectively mitigating any sort of prevailing social issues, generating optimistic transformations in the communities and most vitally earning money without creating harm to the society and delivering better benefits to the society (Drucker, 2012). It has been viewed that the managers belonging to different social enterprises are incessantly facing crucial problems in terms of increasing pressure to compete for funding due to ever-transforming business environments (SEL, 2007). With this concern, the managers belonging to different social enterprises throughout the globe should design and execute an effectual or inventive problem-solving procedure based on Enterprise Case Initiative (ECI) in order to mitigate the aforementioned issue by a greater level. In this paper, a detailed analysis about the business market environment and the assessment of underperformance or growth opportunities of an United Kingdom based social enterprise organisation named Families Relief will be discussed. Moreover, the identification of feasible enterprise case initiatives that would support this organisation towards exploiting growth opportunities will be considered. Various aspects like the objectives of the proposed ECI for Families Reli ef, a detailed implementation plan and valuable suggestions that are needed by this service enterprise based organisation in order to attain and embed the ECI will also be depicted in this paper. A Brief Overview of Families Relief Families Relief is regarded as one of the foremost charity organisations in the United Kingdom. The service enterprise based organisation strongly realises that any sort of disasters not only adversely affect the individuals but also unfavourably affect their families along with the communities by a greater level (Social Enterprise Mark Co, 2013). The prime business objective of this particular organisation has been viewed to be providing an active support to different individuals towards mitigating the problems generated from the happenings of any sort of disasters for constructing a sustainable future. It has been apparently observed that the organisation performs its different operational functions in various regions of the world like Europe, Asia and the Middle East serving significant portion of individuals as well as their families with their basic necessities. The major missions of the organisation have

The freedom I value most. is the freedom of speech Essay

The freedom I value most. is the freedom of speech - Essay Example It is through the freedom of speech that tyrannical leaders who defy and maltreat their subjects are brought to account. In addition, freedom of speech is such an important human right in that it provides an avenue for business transactions. Freedom of speech has also enabled individuals negotiate and seek for peace in cases of misunderstanding among parties. Moreover, freedom of speech provides a favorable channel through which citizens of particular countries participate in decision making and ensure continued existence of democracy within their societies (Allport 14). Freedom of speech has been integral in shaping global politics as journalists use it as a tool to unravel hidden or corrupt activities of politicians (Kenneth 5). Freedom of speech has also assisted in the efforts to reduce corruption and discrimination within various societies. Additionally, freedom of speech has led to the development of equality across all genders as the interested parties are free to air their views and follow up to the achievement of the missions. In conclusion, the freedom of speech is the mother and foundation of all rights enjoyed by human beings. It is the foundation of every development in various spheres of life from political, social and cultural spectrums. Freedom of speech is the main liberator of human kind. It is also the factor of evolution and revolutions currently witnessed in parts of the world where human free will is

Read the article, and answer the question Assignment

Read the article, and answer the question - Assignment Example Personal power arises due to individual knowledge or expertise, which an individual possesses and can act with authority due to this know how. Formal power can either be reward, legitimate, coercive or information (Dillard 27). Coercive power involves infliction of fear to an individual, with threats such as low pay, to get a person to act in a premeditated manner. Reward power is opposite of coercive, and it involves promises of positive rewards for compliance with certain conduct. An individual in a position to distribute such rewards is viewed to have power over others. Legitimate power arises in formal organisation structure, representing the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy. Information power stems from a person control over information, which other organizational members do not have (Dillard 29-45). Personal power can either be expert, referent or charismatic. Expert power is a powerful source of influence, which stems from possession of a special skill, or knowledge. Referent power arises where people want to associate with an individual who has immerse resources, and as result, such an individual can exercise power over them. Charismatic power streams from an individual personality and interpersonal style, such that other people exercises follower sensitivity over such an individual (Dillard 34-47). Manager objectives in exercising power over different generations of a Company are to achieve set goals. Kate admits that 20 years ago, legitimate power had greater influence, because all she did was tell people what to do, and they executed without resistance. She points out that in the contemporary business environment, negotiations and influence plays a significant role in managing employees. This can be attributed to personal power, because expertise power is the most influential power

Automated Mobility Support System for Bedridden People

Automated Mobility Support System for Bedridden People Abstract The proposed research is to provide better service for the patients, kids and aged people. It consists of a trolley provided with DC Geared Motors which is controlled through Android App or Voice Command. The trolley is sent and received where it is utilized by providing the needy by medicine, food and other supplies. This makes the aged one or the needy partially independent, still there must be a person to place the supplies on the trolley. The project is built with Controller, Bluetooth module and a suitable Android App. Theres a fixed time in wait of service, the trolley will return back in the travelled path. The heart of the proposed work is controller which controls the geared DC motors through motor driver. The atmospheric condition of the patient room may be monitored by Smart Bluetooth sensor kit. The components used here are simple and easily available which promote easier construction and design. This design can also be used in hospitals that makes the people in dependent to get the needs of patient time to time. Keywords Smart Trolley, Patients, Controller, Smart Bluetooth Kit, Atmospheric Condition Introduction The main objective of the project is to serve bedridden people who are completely dependent on their care-taker. Now a days there are many home care centres where nurses or some care taker are sent to the needy by hiring them. Usually these home care centres are not afforded by all the people as it becomes a little costlier. This research provides an opportunity for the person who in need of medication, food and other supplies time to time on the daily basis making them partially independent by reducing the work load of the care taker. As it comes to a daily basis system, the person knows well about the time of the medication and other required supplies for them and accesses the device by using various option provided by automated mobility system. Sometimes it becomes difficult for the care takers who is one of the family member mostly to provide service in their work busy or they tend to forget to provide medicines, in such cases this automated mobility system helps the care taker t o serve the needy. This Automated mobility system is very easy to access providing options like operation through arrow keys, buttons, accelerometers and voice control. It is provided with an open source application where one can easily make use of the device. The Automated Mobility System consists of a trolley which is the main equipment used for serving the bedridden people or the needy. It can also be used to serve old people having difficulties. The device is operated through an app which is connected to the equipment through Bluetooth. The trolley has three wheels where the rear wheels are operated using motor and the front wheel is a caster wheel for smooth turning. The trolley is sent from one place to another which is a predefined path. On reaching the destination alerts the care taker for the supply. There is enough time provided at the destination to place the supplements on the trolley and the trolley comes back the original place that is to the patient or to the needy. The time taken to tra vel and the halt time are predefined. There can be as many different paths to travel say room-1, room-2 and so on. The trolley is also provided with shelf where the frequent requirements are also kept. Being easy to operate by all age people with various option provided it is adapted easily and bought into use. The whole equipment is a single trolley device and an app in your phone or tablet. 1.1. Objective The proposed project is designed to provide better service for the patients, kids and aged people. It consists of a trolley provided with DC Geared Motors which is controlled through Android App or Voice Command. The trolley is sent and received where it is utilized by providing the needy by medicine, food and other supplies. This makes the aged one or the needy partially independent, still there must be a person to place the supplies on the trolley. 2. System Analysis 2.1. Existing System In present situation, the nurses from the care centre provide medicines and food for the aged or bedridden people. It is not sure that the medicines are going to them on time. If in some emergency cases, the nurses will forgot to give the medicines. In some cases like if the bedridden people needs some water or something else immediately they cannot call the nurses at that instance. Some people doesnt prefer these care centre due to insecurity. Fig. 1. Trolley without Automated Mobility 2.2 Problem Statement The objective of this project is to help the aged and disabled to carry out their chores. This uplifts their courage to work on their own; while reducing the workload of the caretaker simultaneously. In a manner, it turns out to be more efficient for the people under life term medication, as it can deliver their medicines on time and at regular intervals. We provide the model to serve them better and providing 247 monitoring in special wards by also supporting the caretaker with the needs to help the needy. 2.3. Proposed System 2.3.1 Block Diagram Fig. 2. Block Diagram of Proposed System 3. System Implementation 3.1 Hardware Fig. 3. Circuit Diagram The main components of automated mobility system are Arduino board, Bluetooth module, and couple of buzzer, L293 motor driver and ultrasonic sensor. These components are drive using 12volt battery. The device is switched on with the help of a power button provided in the trolley. The device is connected to a phone or a tablet through Bluetooth. The options provided in the application are accelerometer, button, arrow key and voice command. When the application is operated, Bluetooth module HC05 has a transmitter and receiver port. The transmitter of the Bluetooth module is connected to the receiver of Arduino. Once the Arduino receives the command, it processes and the output is sent to L239D and the motors are driven accordingly. In addition to that a couple of buzzers are connected to Arduino. One is for the indication for the reach of destination and another in the case of any obstacles in the travelling path of the trolley. To provide an additional information like pressure, tempe rature, humidity of the room and the direction of the trolley the WICED smart Bluetooth sensor is used. The travelling path of the trolley is are fixed one where the adjustments are done with the time taken for the rotations of the motor. Say for instance the operator or the person in need of supplies as pressed 1 the app, this command is received by the module HC05 and is transmit the command to the Arduino indicating that the trolley should be sent to the room 1.The Arduino processes the command for L239D to drive the motor. Now the time taken for the motors to drive 5 seconds in forward path and 1 seconds to turn left or right and again travels say 5 seconds to the destination. Once the destination is reached the buzzer1 beeps indicating to provide the necessary. In case of any obstacles in the travelling path the buzzer 2 beeps with the help of the ultrasonic sensor connected to Arduino. The range of the detection of the obstacles say 20cm, 30cm can be programmed in an Arduino platform. The time for the stay of trolley in the destination is also pre-programed and returns to the original place that is to the person who is the bedridden person or the person who operates. 3.2 Software 3.2.1 Arduino Open Source Platform The Arduino Software (IDE) is open source and it is easy to code and fetch it to the board. Arduino IDE runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. This software is written in Java language and based on processing and other open source software. This common software may be used for all Arduino development board. Fig. 4. Arduino Programming Window The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package. 3.2.2 Android Application In this project we use an open source android application named as ARDUINO BLUECONTROL application. This will connect to the Bluetooth module HC05 and receives the command from the operator. By using this application we can give the commands in four way like accelerometer, voice command, and button and arrow keys. We use these four commands in our project to drive the trolley. Fig. 5. Android Blue Control App The right arrow key is used to give the command to the trolley to go room 1, upward arrow key is used for room 2 and the left arrow key to straight. Similarly the other mode of giving command like accelerometer and voice recognizer also used to perform the same operation on the trolley. 3.2.3. Wiced Sense Application WICED smart Bluetooth sensor is connected with the controller to monitor the pressure, humidity and temperature. The parameters are monitored by WICED Sense Android app which is preinstalled in smart phone. Fig. 6. WICED Sense App The WICED sense smart kit is embed with BCM20737S Bluetooth SoC and five microelectronic sensors like gyroscope, accelerometer, e-compass, pressure, humidity and temperature. The Bluetooth kit connects directly to the sensor without any external microprocessor. WICED sense application displays the real-time data from the sensors. 4. Experimental Results The entire setup is ready. The power button is switched ON provided in the trolley and assuming the number of paths initially is three. On interfacing the device with a smart phone using the bluetooth module HC-05 one can make use of the trolley or device. Three different cases are explained below. CASE 1: ROOM 1 When the operator instructs the device to travel to the room 1, the Bluetooth module receives the command and is send to Arduino for the further processing. Now the device ie trolley is ready to go to room 1.Both the motors rotate say 10 sec in forward direction and turns left keeping a motor without drive and again further proceeds for 10 sec reaching the destination. It remains or alerts the care taker by drawing the attention with beep produced by the buzzer. The buzzer sound is turned off after 5 sec and the trolley returned to the original position in the same travelled path. Fig. 7. Proposed Working Model CASE 2: ROOM 2 When the operator instructs the device to travel to the room 2, the Bluetooth module receives the command and is send to Arduino for the further processing. Now the device i.e trolley is ready to go to room 2. Both the motors rotate say 15 sec in forward direction reaching the destination. It remains or alerts the care taker by drawing the attention with beep produced by the buzzer. The buzzer sound is turned off after 5 sec and the trolley returned to the original position in the same travelled path. Fig. 7. Predefined Path CASE 3: ROOM 3 When the operator instructs the device to travel to the room 3, the Bluetooth module receives the command and is send to Arduino for the further processing. Now the device i.e trolley is ready to go to room 3.Both the motors rotate say 10 sec in forward direction and turns right keeping a motor without drive and again further proceeds for 10 sec reaching the destination. It remains or alerts the care taker by drawing the attention with beep produced by the buzzer. The buzzer sound is turned off after 5 sec and the trolley returned to the original position in the same travelled path. 5. Conclusion Using simple components available in the market, it is possible to invent new technologies. The developed product is to serving the need in both economic and efficient way for needy. It is similar to one serving the needy. Here developed a trolley travelling over all places of the house carrying supplies say food, medicines and other requirement from one place to another place. Keeping in mind to serve the needy in user friendly manner, a simple android application is used. This design can also be used in hospitals that makes the people independent to get the needs of patient time to time. References http://www.jbtc-agv.com/en/Solutions/Industries/Hospital http://www.materialshandling.com.au/products/automated-guided-vehicles-agv-healthcare-facilities/ http://www.roboticautomation.com.au/agvs/hospital-agvs https://www.arduino.cc/ http://www.mouser.com/new/broadcom/broadcom-bcm9wiced-sense/#tabs-2

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

By the year 2050, nonwhites will represent close to half of the U.S. population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau projections. By 2005, the ethnic minority share of the workforce is expected to grow to 28 percent, up from 18 percent in 1980 and 22 percent in 1990. Although the African American population is now the largest minority group, the Hispanic and Asian populations are growing much faster. In 1994, the African American population was estimated to be 33 million, or 12.7 percent of the total population, up from 11.7 percent in 1980. By 2025, African Americans are expected to represent 14 percent of the total. The Hispanic population is 10 percent of the total U.S. population in 1994, it is projected to be 17 percent by 2025. The Asian population was 3.4 percent of the total U.S. population in 1994, it is expected to more than double by 2025. With all of that stated, the above statistics should erase any doubt that workforce diversity is a critical business issue with serious, bottom line consequences, the Texaco lawsuit has erased those doubts forever. But a well publicized racial discrimination lawsuit is just one example of how an organization can be hurt if it is not actively working to manage and leverage workforce diversity. Other organizational costs could include depressed employee morale and loyalty, increased turnover and poor productivity. On the other hand, if managed well, a diverse workforce can boost productivi...

Promote learning and development in the early years Essay

1.1 Explain each of the areas of learning and development and how these are interdependent The EYFS sets the standards for children when they are aged 0-5. It sets out learning and development requirements, assessments and the safeguarding and welfare requirements. All schools, child minders, preschools and nurseries must follow the EYFS as it is a statutory document. There are two areas of learning that children will come across, these are prime and specific. Each of these areas are built up of different aspects which altogether make up the 17 early learning goals. The EYFS has characteristics that help practitioners understand how the children are learning and what they need to provide the children to progress. Characteristics help children become motivated and keep trying the things that they are not so good at. The prime area is split into three sections 1-communication and language 2-Physical development 3-Personal, social and emotional development The specific area is split into four different sections; 1- Literacy 2- Mathematics 3- Understanding the world 4- Expressive art and design. Prime areas are the ones that children are expected to learn first. If they are not taught correctly this could affect the specific areas. The prime areas are all interconnected. It is important to remember that each are of learning and development does not work in isolation but they are all in fact linked. Good activities will cover more than one area of development. For example; allowing children to access the outdoors will not only support their physical development, but encourage them to use their communication skills. In order to help  children achieve their full potential across the six areas of learning development of babies and young children must be encouraged through opportunities for them to be active and interactive and to improve their skills of coordination, control, manipulation and movement. They must be supported in using all of their senses to learn about the world around them and to make connections between new information and what they already know.

Trend Analysis And Forecasting Example

Trend Analysis And Forecasting Example Trend Analysis And Forecasting – Article Example Trend Analysis and Forecasting Trend Analysis and Forecasting Trend Analysis and Forecasting Withinany healthcare profession, there are fundamental shifts that necessitate changes to occur in the provision of care to patients. These shifts occur in different perspectives, including; technological advancements, changing patient population and current events occurring within the society. These shifts necessitate consideration of pervasive healthcare trends in both internal and external environment with regard to patient and service providers as well.Demographic shift especially regarding the increase of geriatric patients, as a result of ageing population, is a fundamental issue for concern. This requires the healthcare providers to equip their employees with the necessary skills to provide specialized care to this group of patients (Weiss, 2010). Preventive care is another trend that should be focused upon in seeking to ensure comprehensiveness of the care provided. Understanding de viations that are occurring in the healthcare environment could be essential to the implementation of preventive care as the healthcare providers can easily forecast on events and occurrences.The provision of healthcare insurance to the elderly individuals is also a major concern since the cost of healthcare is a fundamental issue which people consider when seeking healthcare services. Increasing insurance access could be key to ensuring that individuals who have lived without health insurance are able to seek healthcare services (Ursell, 2011).Technological advancements must also be considered within the healthcare setting in seeking to ensure that the best technological methods are adopted. This would improve aspects like accessibility of healthcare information pertaining to the patients as well as nursing education (Peters, 2012). Improvements within these tenets of healthcare can be implemented effectively through the adoption of technology in the healthcare sector.Reference sPeters, B. (2012). Healthcare forecast: Increasing clouds with a chance of dramatic improvement. Forbes. Retrieved June 29, 2014, from forbes.com/sites/bradpeters/2012/02/16/healthcare-forecast-increasing-clouds-with-a-chance-of-dramatic-improvement/Ursell, F. (2011). Care home funding: What to expect and what to do. Nursing & Residential Care, 13 (2), 9496.Weiss, R. (2010). The forecast for health care. Marketing Health Services, 30 (3), 7.

Why To Kill a Mockingbird Is Controversial to Some

Why To Kill a Mockingbird Is Controversial to Some There are several reasons that the content of Harper Lees great novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is sometimes considered so controversial (and inappropriate for young audiences) that it is banned, challenged, as well as removed from school/library lists and shelves. Racial Injustice The topic of prejudice, discrimination, and out-and-out cruel hatred is not always a topic that we like to discuss with our children. After all, we want children to remain innocent, to be removed and protected from the injustices, unfairness, cruelty, and fear that so often prevails in this world. Children learn all-to-quickly that society is filled with goodness and kindness (or at least thats the hope), but theres also a great deal of evil, bullying and all the worst unkindness in human nature.  To Kill a Mockingbird explores both aspects of humanity. Theres the life-and-death struggle of an innocent black man against the discrimination and barbarity thats not only evident in the actions of their fellow townspeople but also in the pervasive prejudices of the legal system. Atticus is the only man who is brave enough to stand up against the mob-rule, in an effort to ensure that justice is served! He knows that the ignorance that prevails could cost him his life (and/or everything he holds dear), but the pursuit of justice and the defense of innocence is (to him) worth anything he could face. He is not deterred. Sexual Violence Although the lies that are told related to the rape are not explicit in nature, theres still the fact that Mayella Ewell put blame on Tom Robinson for a horrible violation. The indictment is completely fabricated, but even the claim of rape troubles some readers. For some parents, teachers and other gateways to reading, the topic of violation (even in an abstract sense) is unacceptable for school-age children. Physical Violence Its difficult to feel sorry for Mayella because we know what her claims mean to Tom (and to Atticus, as he attempts to defend an innocent man). We may dislike what shes saying (and doing), we come to some acceptance of the psychology of the poor, abused girl; she would do or say anything (in her fearful and browbeaten state). In addition to the abuse that Mayella experiences at the hand of her father, physical violence are brought to bear upon Atticus and his children. In their anger and ignorance, the townspeople attempt to use violence and fear; to control Atticus.Atticus refuses to back down. He refuses to allow an innocent man to falsely convicted and imprisoned, without at least a fight. Atticus says: Courage is not a man with a gun in his hand. Its knowing youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do.   Heres another interesting question; how would the novel be different without controversial topics (and events)? Imagine what the book would be like if they sanitized the novel.

Quantitative Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Geography - Essay Example It is not a surprise that GIS data today is used by thousands of organizations from different segments of life, from businesses, governments, educators and scientists, environmental and conservation organizations to natural resource groups and utilities. GIS is helpful in solving problems and improving processes, increasing profits, improving services, bettering education at all levels and allowing for more proper use of our natural resources.(GIS website,2007) Â  The combination of geography as a scientific branch and GIS as a way of utilizing geographic information brings us a new idea, one of geographic approach. It is a new way of thinking and problem solving that integrates geographic information into how we understand and manage our planet. This approach allows us to create geographic knowledge by measuring the earth, organizing this data, and analyzing and modeling various processes and their relationships. The Geographic Approach also allows us to apply this knowledge to the way we design, plan, and change our world. All of the above became really essential in the aftermath of the industrial and technological boom in the last two centuries, one that came at a great price of serious depletion of natural sources and serious worries about the future of our planet. Â  In its nutshell, the Geographic approach is just like any scientific, analytical method. It calls for several steps, all of which are necessary for obtaining an end result that is scientifically tested and valuable.

Lab assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lab assignment - Essay Example We are aware that during the judgement day, God will judge us in accordance to our actions. Therefore, in my own view, everything lives in God just as the article suggests. Pentecostalism as suggested by the article â€Å"The Origins and Impact of Pentecostalism† originated from the days of the apostles in the day of the Pentecost. The denomination then spread to other parts of the world, winning many followers. According to Fisher (2013) â€Å"Over time, this tradition has ï ¬â€šowered into different groups, including fun-damentalists, mainline Protestant evangelicals, the Holiness movement, and Pentecostals.† Although there are difficulties in determining the truth of the theory, I chose to believe that Pentecostalism begun from somewhere. However, I cannot fully concur with the author on its initial beginning. Jesus taught through a number of ways, such as through parables and miracles. However, throughout his teachings, he gave a lot of emphasis on three pillars that he regarded as the most essential in the lives of human beings. Jesus taught about three most important pillars that are most important to a human being, which include righteousness, prayer, and fasting. The article also suggests that if we repent God forgives of our sins as the article suggests, â€Å"Those who sincerely repent—even if they are the hated toll-collectors, prostitutes, or ignorant common people—are more likely to receive God’s forgiveness than are the learned and self-righteous† (Fisher, 2013). Personally, I conquer with this as Jesus emphasised that no sin is too big to be forgiven. The beatitudes as Jesus taught are qualities of life that increase our happiness as well as makes us receive more blessings from God. If we follow the beatitudes, we increase our relationship with God and this improves our inner happiness. Fisher (2013) suggests that â€Å"that those who considered themselves superior were more at odds with God than those who were aware of their sins†, which