Trafficking and Prostitution in Thailand Essay -- Human Trafficking

In a small village consumed by poverty a man in a business suit shows up. He goes from family to family offering to buy children for a years worth of pay. He gets to one family with a young little girl whose father sells her to feed his addiction for heroine. Scared and confused the girl is now forced into a brothel, sexually pleasing more than 20 men a day. Nearly five years later she is rescued only to lose her life to AIDS from unprotected sex. The human trafficking industry in Thailand has long been lose both internally and externally. Corruption, greed, foreign relations, economic pressure, and overall demand have fueled the trafficking industry in Thailand. Until the world and the Thai government make weighty changes to the way they handle the situation in Thailand, the victims of trafficking will continue to experience similar atrocities.During Vietnam War, America had an agreement with Thailand that allowed them to establish a rest and relaxation baseborn there. The base and soldiers stationed there caused the economy to thrive through tourism however once the war was over, the U.S. no longer needed the base so they left-hand(a) Thailand. The Thai economy needed a way to continue to sustain itself, so it began to prostitute women in their country to create a desirable post for tourism again. This prostitution business gained attraction around the world, and the Thai economy was once again sustaining itself. As time passed it became apparent that trafficking women from nearby impoverished countries would be easier than using the local women. Thailand began establishing itself as one of the biggest prostitution industries and soon became known as Asias Brothel.Women and children that are trafficked into Thailand live hor... ...x Slavery. intelligence operationMax.com Americas News Page - News Archives. 21 Apr. 2001. Web. 27 Jan. 2010. . Northcutt, Casey. Education may prevent human trafficking. The Murray State News. 21 Feb. 2008. Web. 27 Jan. 20 10. . Perrin, Andrew. Thai families partners in child sex trade / mould areas products are drugs and daughters. San Francisco Bay Area News, Sports, Business, Entertainment, Classifieds SFGate. 6 Feb. 2002. Web. 28 Jan. 2010. . Thailand Fighting Child Trafficking World in Progress Deutsche Welle 01.09.2007. Home Deutsche Welle. Web. 28 Jan. 2010. .

Humanism :: essays research papers fc

1HumanismThe Renaissance, which began in Italy in 1300s, was one of the largest plosives of growth and development in Western Europe. The increase in trade caused an abundance in wealth that resulted in the focusing of the arts. Such things as literature, paintings, sculptures and many more works are known to have blossomed from the period known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance was started by many rich Italian cities, such as Florence, Ferrara, Milan, and Venice (Bram 274). Because these cities were very wealthy, many merchants started to spend money on unlike things, such as painting, learning, new banking techniques, and new systems of government. These things gave rise to a new type of scholar, the humanist, and a new philosophy, humanism.     To understand the term humanism, one must depression know what some assume humanism to be. Many definitions are widely proclaimed by different groups and organizations. The American Humanist Association(AHA) defines humanism as2          a rational philosophy informed by science,           inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Affirming           the dignity of each human being, it supports the           maximization of individual self-sufficiency and opportunity           consonant with social and planetary responsibility. It           advocates the extension of participatory democracy and           the expansion of the open rescript, standing for human           rights and social justice. Free of supernaturalism, it           recognizes human beings as a part of nature and holds            that values--be they religious, honest, social, or           political--have their source in human experience and           culture. Humanism thus derives the goals of life from           human need and interest rather than from theological or           ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity           must take responsibility for its own destiny.           (Schafersman)Humanism is also defined as "a democratic and ethical" point of view on life that reiterates the fact that human beings have the right to and responsibility of giving meaning to and shaping ones own life, according to the internationalistic Humanist and Ethical Union (Schafersman). The Union also believes their philosophical view on humanism "stands for t he building of a 3more humane society through ethics" base upon the reason and the inquisitive capabilities of the human nature. The Bristol Humanist Groups view on their ideology is much simpler. It states, "Humanism is an approach to life based on reason and our common humanity, recognizing that moral values are properly founded on human nature and experience alone" (Schafersman).     This new word, humanist, and the principal get along became more prevalent during the late 15th-century in Italy and was used to describe a tutor or teacher of the "humanities".

Effects of Income Inequality on Quality of Healthcare Essays -- The In

Positive rights are rights that everyone is entitled to including the right to a public education, access to public roads, and the right to wellness armorial bearing. There are no guarantees when it comes to life, but having health insurance makes a huge difference with preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases. Of course having insurance itself is a great resource to arrest medical business concern and containing costs, but not all insurance programs are created equal. Insurance programs have caveats, exclusions, varying co-payments, and access to certain doctors and hospitals, which creates an ethical dilemma. Receiving the best care is subjective in most cases, but with money you can buy almost anything, including the best care. Although those living in poverty are given access to healthcare, that does not mean they receive the best or equal care as those who are wealthy.Living in a capitalist society, the richest Americans enjoy bigger homes, nicer cars, better edu cation and even health care. Even if we lived in a capitalist society where everyone had access to the homogeneous basic healthcare program, the rich would nonoperational be able to afford better care. The wealthy are able to pay more in co-payments, prescription costs, and the ability to go outside of the healthcare system in this country to seek help. When you have the disposable resources then the sky is the limit, where the poor have very limited options. They will be contain to their healthcare coverage program and do not have the luxury of seeking additional assistance. Poor patients often receive less quality care in the hospital, have more barriers to recovery, and experience higher morbidity and mortality than do patients with higher incomes (Dracup). The United States is ... ...ndards and practices are more uniform based on circumstance and not based on loopholes, exceptions or lack of insurance. Everyone should be given the same preventive care and be able to r eceive the same treatment options regardless of location, income, or age. Competition in the marketplace can be good, but there are many complexities with healthcare and many good deal can slip through the cracks and others can be shortchanged. Works CitedC. Wayne Sells and Robert Wm. Blum, Morbidity and Mortality among US Adolescents An Overview of Data and Trends, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Vol. 86, zero(prenominal) 4 (April, 1996), pgs. 513-519. R. Wilkinson and K. Pickett, The Spirit Level Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger, Bloomsbury Press, NY, 2009, in particular pages 49- 173.Income Inequalities , Health and the Garrison State by Christopher Schaefer

Florida International University Essay -- Environment, Waste, Green Pr

Florida International University (FIU) is not only a standard in quality education as it is also a innovator in best practices especially those that retain to do with the environment. The Universitys commitment to ensuring that its community contributes to the preservation and protection of the environment has led it to pioneer innovations in solid waste management, in particular, in recycling because the University clearly understands that recycling is more beneficial comp ard to waste disposal, it has established its own reputation in the suitable and efficient management of solid waste. Florida International University recognizes its contribution to the accumulation of waste considering that it produces about seven million pounds of waste each year (Figueroa, 2010). Unlike new(prenominal) universities that still remain adamant in investing on green practices, FIU has, governed by the State of Florida under Florida Statute 403.714 and The Florida Solid Waste Management toy of 1988 (FIU, 2011), established its own internal green machine or solid waste and environmental protection system via the FIU Custodial Services Office. The universitys groundss in ensuring efficient solid waste management even far exceeds the minimum standards (FIU, 2011) required by law. What makes the solid waste management efforts of the university one-of-a kind is the establishment of a single stream recycling program which means that all recyclable items can be placed into one bin and do not have to be sorted (FIU, 2011). Nevertheless, despite the use of single recycle bins, proper labeling has to accompany each bin to ensure that only materials that are recyclable are placed in the bins. There are also different sized of bins which are placed stra... ...g, however, costs only $35 per ton. The school also makes $10 for every ton of paper it recycles (Figueroa, 2009). This means that apart from saving the environment, the university also earns and is able to cut down on e xpenses for certain things because of the use of recycled materials. Of course, the most Copernican aspect of recycling in the university is awareness and with students who are currently seriously considering the way they manage their solid waste, the campaign and program becomes even more successful. To do this, the university has also joined the national FIU Recyclemania for two years now and had placed exceptionally well (FIU, 2011). It is very important in any environmental effort that the stakeholders are made aware of the benefits of the efforts so that the program earns propriety and becomes a culture instead of just an obligation.

Coral Divers Resort Case Study Essay -- A Case Analysis

Problem Coral Divers Resort is a safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort with a beach front location. Over the past three years revenues have declined and Greywell suffered a $5, 174 in losses in 1994. Coral Divers Resort call for to do something before business gets worse and Jonathan Greywell and his resort go out of business. The first option that Greywell has would be to move Coral Divers Resort to peeled Providence Island in the Bahamas. The island has a large population, and Nassau the capital has the most developed tourist attractions in the Bahamas. One of the strengths of moving to in the buff Providence would be the large tourist population that gathers there. The island also offers underwater movie sets from popular Bond movies which remain popular dive attractions today. There are also rude(a) underwater dive spots which are ideal for tourists looking for reef or drop off dives. The weaknesses of moving to New Providence Island would be the mellowed costs of land and operations. Greywell might not be able to sell his resort for what it is worth, and the gamey property costs on Providence would be genuinely high. Two thirds of the Bahamas population lives on this island which wouldnt improve bookings. Moving to Providence Island would just move Coral Resorts and its problems to a new location. The second option for Greywell would be to incorporate more adventurous dives into his business. Shark, wreck, wall, and reef diving all offer more adventurous and exciting dives th... Coral Divers Resort Case teach Essay -- A Case AnalysisProblem Coral Divers Resort is a safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort with a beach front location. Over the past three years revenues have declined and Greywell suffered a $5, 174 in losses in 1994. Coral Divers Resort ask to do something before business gets worse and Jonathan Greywell and his resort go out of business. The first option that Greywell has would be to move Coral Divers Resort to New Providence Island in the Bahamas. The island has a large population, and Nassau the capital has the most developed tourist attractions in the Bahamas. One of the strengths of moving to New Providence would be the large tourist population that gathers there. The island also offers underwater movie sets from popular Bond movies which remain popular dive attractions today. There are also raw(a) underwater dive spots which are ideal for tourists looking for reef or drop off dives. The weaknesses of moving to New Providence Island would be the high costs of land and operations. Greywell might not be able to sell his resort for what it is worth, and the high property costs on Providence would be in truth high. Two thirds of the Bahamas population lives on this island which wouldnt improve bookings. Moving to Providence Island would just move Coral Resorts and its problems to a new location. The second option for Greywell would be to incorporate more adventurous dives into his busi ness. Shark, wreck, wall, and reef diving all offer more adventurous and exciting dives th...

Coral Divers Resort Case Study Essay -- A Case Analysis

Problem Coral divers(prenominal) fixing is a safe and knowledgeable scuba descend resort with a beach front location. Over the past three years revenues have declined and Greywell suffered a $5, 174 in losses in 1994. Coral different Resort needs to do something before business gets worse and Jonathan Greywell and his resort go out of business. The first option that Greywell has would be to move Coral diverse Resort to mod saving Island in the Bahamas. The island has a large population, and Nassau the capital has the most developed tourist attractions in the Bahamas. One of the strengths of moving to unused capital of Rhode Island would be the large tourist population that gathers there. The island also offers underwater movie sets from popular Bond movies which remain popular dive attractions today. There be also natural underwater dive spots which ar ideal for tourists looking for reef or drop off dives. The weaknesses of moving to New frugality Island would be the high c osts of land and operations. Greywell might not be able to sell his resort for what it is worth, and the high property costs on parsimoniousness would be very high. Two thirds of the Bahamas population lives on this island which wouldnt improve bookings. Moving to Providence Island would just move Coral Resorts and its problems to a new location. The hour option for Greywell would be to incorporate more adventurous dives into his business. Shark, wreck, wall, and reef descend all offer more adventurous and exciting dives th... Coral divers(prenominal) Resort Case Study Essay -- A Case AnalysisProblem Coral Divers Resort is a safe and knowledgeable scuba diving resort with a beach front location. Over the past three years revenues have declined and Greywell suffered a $5, 174 in losses in 1994. Coral Divers Resort needs to do something before business gets worse and Jonathan Greywell and his resort go out of business. The first option that Greywell has would be to move Coral Divers Resort to New Providence Island in the Bahamas. The island has a large population, and Nassau the capital has the most developed tourist attractions in the Bahamas. One of the strengths of moving to New Providence would be the large tourist population that gathers there. The island also offers underwater movie sets from popular Bond movies which remain popular dive attractions today. There are also natural underwater dive spots which are ideal for tourists looking for reef or drop off dives. The weaknesses of moving to New Providence Island would be the high costs of land and operations. Greywell might not be able to sell his resort for what it is worth, and the high property costs on Providence would be very high. Two thirds of the Bahamas population lives on this island which wouldnt improve bookings. Moving to Providence Island would just move Coral Resorts and its problems to a new location. The consequence option for Greywell would be to incorporate more adve nturous dives into his business. Shark, wreck, wall, and reef diving all offer more adventurous and exciting dives th...

Rehabilitation Of Multi Level Surgery Health And Social Care Essay

Multilevel surgery ( MLS ) is employed to pull off multiple joint malformations in kids with intellectual paralysis. No studies exist associating to the community-based rehabilitation issues that affect the MLS results. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed instance studies of 3 kids who had underg i MLS comparing their pre and station operative tread and motor maps utilizing Gross labour Functional Measures ( GMFM ) and Edinburg Visual Gait Scores ( EVGS ) that atomic number 18 transparent clinical result steps instead than instrumented chiliad analysis. wholly kids achieved independent standing deep down 1 twelvemonth postoperatively. They all experienced neuropathic and complex regional pain sensation syndrome ( CRPS ) following surgery and later developed stringency in iliopsoas, torment and IT bands. all(prenominal) had trunk hypotonus, which hindered nucleus stableness and compromised their pace and authority. It was rewardd that bole hypotonus, CRPS, nervus stret ching hurting, return of stringency and decreased nucleus stableness negatively affected pace. EVGA appeared much sensitive to observe alterations in functional betterment than GMFM following MLS, hence EVGS can used in the community to quantify alterations in pace later on MLS.IntroductionCerebral paralysis ( CP ) , a non-progressive cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) disorder bounds typical motor development and contributes to postural abnormalcies ( ref ) . original damages seen in kids with CP are increased musculus tone and failing ( 1 ) leads to development of myostatic contractures and secondary skeletal tortuosity malformations ( 2 ) . Such contractures are typically managed with surgery in order to heighten mobility and map. Multi degree surgery ( MLS ) , an orthopedic attack to surgically realine unnatural jointn rakes is performed with an purpose to bettering pace in ambulatory kids with CP. It has been defined as a process affecting one or both limbs, including at least cardinal roastns ( 3-5 ) .Following MLS, authorized betterment in the pace and kinematics are observed with instrumented pace analysis, which include care of articulatio genus musculus power ( 6 ) , increased power generation at hip and mortise joint, increased pelvic joust and articulatio genus scope of motion ( ROM ) and improved ankle map ( 7 ) , footstep velocity, stance limb stableness and an unhampered swing stage of the opposite limb ( 8 ) . However, instrumented pace analysis is non executable in the community, hence, clinician require simple and cost-efficient and simple result steps. Gross Motor Functional Measures ( GMFM ) and Edinburg Visual Gait Score ( EVGS ) that are simple to measure accept been found to get good dependability and cogency in kids with CP ( 9-12 ) . However, to our cognition there is no literature analyzing issues related to the postoperative rehabilitation following MLS within the community much(prenominal) as postural tone and return of stringency for kids with CP indicated by GMFM and EVGS. As there is limited figure of kids with CP interact with MLS we retrospectively analysed 3 instance studies and investigated the factors that influenced results whilst macrocosm treated within a community scene.Case studiesFrom 2005 to 2006, three male kids diagnosed with spastic diplegic CP from Cambridgeshire Community Services had MLS. They underwent head for the hillsed postoperative physical therapy for at least one twelvemonth. Two hebdomads after MLS, they were discharged from infirmary and re-admitted 6-8 hebdomads subsequently for 2 hebdomads of intensive physical therapy intervention. Initial rehabilitation in the community was commenced from 3rd hebdomad and focus on obtaining full scope of in officious motion, in add-on to deriving efficacy and motor control in the operated limbs. Our kids were treated twice hebdomadally for the world-class 4 months, whilst the frequence of farther therapy ( for up to 1 twelv emonth ) was dictated by the persons rate of patterned advance in motor public presentation. Subsequently, they were reviewed at 3-4 months intervals and ongoing rehabilitation was directed toward specific job work outing as they arose. All kids reached their pre-operative functional degree within 12 months following MLS. All these topics were assessed in the community utilizing GMFM and EVGS prior to and 4 old ages after MLS. ( table- 1 ) .Case 1JD, a 12 twelvemonth old athleticss oriented male child with normal evident knowledge and go toing mainstream school had undergone strength continuing MLS integrating dickens-sided femoral derotation osteotomy, bilaterally symmetrical medial hamstring release, bilateral rectus femur transportation, bilateral prolongation of gastrocnemius and prolongation of right adductors. Community-based physical therapy rehabilitation computer program was commenced from the 3rd hebdomad post- surgery. Full ROM was achieved in all articulations after 2 months but deficiency of hip and knee active extension phone at the terminal scope associated with increased sympathetic activity and hypersensitivity in the pess limited the rate of rehabilitation. He suffered from complex regional hurting syndrome ( CRPS ) between the 2nd and 4th month and was treated with anodynes. He achieved independent standing after 5 months, progressed to walking without splints ( immature pace ) by the 7th month whilst return of bilateral stringency in the hamstrings and TA was noted at 10th months. JD continued to hold trunk hypotonicity and his returns of hamstring and ( iliotibial set ) ITB stringency and hip extensor failing were managed by means of supervised exercising programme at place and school. JD lay off leg splints and his limb length disagreement ( LLD ) was managed with a shoe rise. A important betterment in pace and position following MLS was achieved and this was support through EVGS set and the disappearing of spasticity reflected by normal articulatio genus and mortise joint physiological reactions.Case 2JS, a 15 twelvemonth old male child with sub overdued larning troubles go toing particular school had undergone a individual event MLS integrating bilateral Intramuscular psoas prolongation, adductor longus prolongation, bilateral hamstring lengthening without rectus femur transportations, bilateral transdermal prolongation of the Achilles sinew. After initial discharge from infirmary he was readmitted for 2 farther hebdomads due to unbearable nervus stretching hurting and was treated with anodynes. He was really dying, lacked dark slumber and his parents found it difficult to get by up with his hurting. disdain medicines his sudden and self-generated pes hurting and hypersensitivity prevented his active engagement in therapy Sessionss. Consecutive bivalved projecting to stretch hamstring musculuss was performed at the beginning of the 4th month from which point the relentless hurting decreased but persist ed till the sixth month. JS stood and walked independently by the seventh month. Trunk hypotonus limited his unsloped position and a subsequent development of hamstring and ITB stringency was noted at the 9th month. Despite regular therapy hamstring stringency has progressed farther but he has maintained independent mobility. The GMFM station surgery gull showed footling impairment but the EVGS demonstrated an improved pace mark.Case 3MT, a 13 twelvemonth old male child with limited motive go toing mainstream school had undergone initial left femoral derotation osteotomy a month before MLS. MLS incorporated left hamstring prolongation, left rectus femur transportation, left transdermal TA prolongation and right vulpius slide. Following surgery MT experienced leg nervus stretching hurting, CRPS in the left pes and he was treated with anodynes. He was made to partly lean bear with splints at the tenth hebdomad and he walked within a parallel saloon at the beginning of the 6th month . Independent standing was reached at 7th month but unsloped position and independent mobility was delayed due to miss of full articulatio genus extension scope, bole hypotonus, hapless nucleus stableness, LLD and sustained failing in hip, articulatio genus and mortise joint musculuss. A spinal stableness wrap and an exercising programme to stretch tight musculuss to better nucleus stableness provided limited betterment in position. MT had hapless ankle stableness due to pick pronation after MLS and this was managed with AFOs. After 1 twelvemonth he developed hip and articulatio genus flexor stringency and began to utilize an cubitus crutch.DiscussionMuscle tone All three kids had trunk hypotonicity and they re-established their crookback position after MLS. Spinal humpback is positively associated with posterior pelvic joust and the corresponding development of stringency in hip and articulatio genus flexor musculuss. Despite regular physical therapy, topics developed moderate stri ngency in both hamstring and iliopsoas musculuss. MLS is focused upon rectification of spasticity-related biomechanical abnormalcies and it was worn out that bole hypotonus and its consequence on position and mobility had been taken into consideration before MLS. Borghuis et Al ( 2008 ) suggested that reduced nervous thrust leads to the development of active roughness and co-contraction in bole musculuss, thereby impacting nucleus stableness ( 13 ) . It is notifyd that CP kids who have trunk hypotonia set up postural stableness through selective stiffness of hip flexors muscles that triggers perennial stringency in iliopsoas followed by hamstring musculuss within 1 twelvemonth after MLS. Consistent with this hypothesis we observed that the mischief-making of bole hypotonus has a negative influence on rehabilitation result of MLS reflected through decreased pelvic stableness and hapless position. It is interesting to observe that one topic demonstrated normal articulatio genus an d mortise joint dork physiological reactions following MLS that incorporated musculus angle resetting, bespeaking normal musculus profile in spastic musculuss. This observation supports the impression that spasticity, a gravitation dependent CNS characteristic tends to switch its kineticss if musculus orientation changed. It is further supported by the observation of Patikas et Al ( 2007 ) that the EMG form of lower limb musculuss were comparatively normalised following MLS ( 14 ) . However, this was non the instance in the other two topics in which there were no alterations in stretch physiological reaction responses. This could be due to inadequate prolongation of hamstring that compromised the orientation of musculus pull angle following MLS, hence no alterations in musculus tone.Stringency Complete articulatio genus extension was non surgically obtained in two kids and undistinguished betterments in articulatio genus extension was attained through consecutive casting. This resul ted in trouble in accomplishing unsloped position and they retained little flexure in the hips and articulatio genuss during weight bearing. This places quadriceps musculuss in weak and automatically deprived place against the sawed-off hamstring musculuss. It may besides restrict the chances for sarcomeres lengthening of developing and wasted vastus medialis due to deficient articulatio genus extension scope even after MLS. These topics took longer to accomplish independent mobility, developed hamstring stringency and scored lower in EVGS postoperatively. This is in understanding with Gannotti ( 2007 ) , who reported development of stringency and impairment of motor accomplishments following MLS in kids with CP ( 15 ) . The other topic who had full articulatio genus extension in one leg and mild articulatio genus flexure in the other leg showed important betterment in pace position and map, proposing that accomplishing complete articulatio genus extension surgically is a important factor for better long-run MLS results. On the contrary, Adolfsen et Al ( 2007 ) reported hyperextension of articulatio genus in mid-stance following MLS in his succeed and questioned the indicants for hamstring prolongation ( 16 ) . Our observation back up the position that complete articulatio genus extension is indispensable for the better result following MLS. victimization of ITB stringency in MLS topics has non reported earlier and we found that all our topics developed stringency in ITB along with hamstring musculuss which had an inauspicious consequence on their position and pelvic stableness. Previous research in both normal and athletic topics reported back hurting, ITB clash syndrome and other biomechanical abnormalcies followed by ITB stringency ( 17 ) , Therefore, we extend this to kids with CP & A acirc s after MLS and suggest that integrating ITB stretching from the early phases of physical rehabilitation following MLS is be important to gait sweetening. As kids s cram older, increased return rate of imposter myostatic contracture due to growing jet and the corresponding residuary pathological force generated in their weak spastic musculuss was observed. It is diminutive to keep musculus length and go oning regular stretching exercising programme to understate the return of stringency.Pain Complex regional hurting syndrome ( CRPS ) is a common postoperative complication in lower limb surgery ( 18,19 ) . Two kids displayed CRPS symptoms which limited their cooperation and early weight bearing. All kids experienced neuropathic hurting and two of them experienced self-generated leg hurting discharge associated with intermittent cramp that lasted for at least 4 months following surgery. Lauder GR and White MC ( 2005 ) in their instance surveies acknowledged CRPS following MLS saying that TENS was a utile mode to pull off neuropathic hurting ( 20 ) . However, the current survey topics were neither orientated nor introduced to TENS postoperativel y alternatively used anodynes for hurting alleviation. TENS could be a utile and cost effectual intervention mode to pull off postoperative hurting and CRPS in pediatric population in a community scene and this demand to be studied farther.Cognitive degree of topics was a factor fuck offing the MLS result. Poor knowledge negatively affected their therapy programme conformity, motive to fall in with equals, hurting tolerance and engagement in early dynamic strength preparation exercisings. For case, a kid who was immature and had normal knowledge showed better consequences than an older opposite number with mild larning troubles.Outcome steps All topics showed little alterations in GMFM mark but the positive betterment is relatively higher with EVGS. Although the GMFM has good inter and intra-rater dependability in CP ( 21,10 ) , the single dimensions of GMFM were non sensitive plenty to observe alterations in motor map in kids with CP ( Josenby, 2009 ) . Our observation suggests t hat GMFM may non be a suited tool to quantify the betterment after MLS for those who already scored more than 90 % preoperatively. We found EVGS a clinically utile and easy tool to objectively detect alterations in pace parametric quantities within the community. Therefore we propose that utilizing EVGS as an result steps in MLS may help the clinicians in the community to quantify the betterment in pace. Further research is required to find the sensitiveness, dependability and cogency of EVGS in MLS.DecisionFrom this instance analyze the writers observed that bole hypotonus, return of stringency in hamstring, IT set and iliopsoas and CRPS has an inauspicious consequence on kids who had undergone MLS. Despite this, all the kids showed betterment in mobility and the EVGS found to be a utile clinical appraisal tool than the GMFM to quantify gait betterment in the community. These decisions were move from a little group of kids, hence, farther probe of these factors and the usage of EV GS in MLS is required to find the rehabilitation result in the community.Table. 1. Pre and station operative GMFM and EVGS mark for each kid.EVGSGMFMPre-operativePost-operativePre-operative ( % )Post-operative ( % )RightLeftRightLeftJD23217696.998.4Joule2324131896.396.2Meitnerium1921171593.096.0Mean21.72212.31395.496.9

Chapter 5 Homework

Jazzlynn Ben Chapter 5 Problems Dr. Ennis 5. 1. You were asked to investigate extremely high, unexplained merchandise shortages at a department enclose chain. You found the following a. The receiving department supervisor owns and operates a boutique carrying many of the same labels as the chain store. The general manager is unaw ar of the ownership interest. It is a redness flag warning so it is a fraud because there is a conflict of interest situation which should impart alerted the auditor to the possibility of fraud. b.The receiving supervisor signs receiving reports showing that the total quantity shipped by a supplier was received and then diverts 5% to 10% of each shipment to the boutique. There is a false representation so this is a fraudulent act. c. The store is unaware of the short shipments because the receiving report ac communitying the merchandise to the sales areas shows that everything was received. There is intent to deceive as indicated by the efforts to concea l the act so this is also a fraudulent act by the supervisor of receiving. It is not due to an act by the buyers. d.Accounts Payable paid vendors for the total quantity shown on the receiving report. It is uncorrelated to the investigating so this is a weakness in the system of internal control. e. Based on the receiving department supervisors instructions, quantities on the receiving reports were not counted by sales mortalnel. The receiving supervisor is advocating a system of a weak internal control so this is an indicator of fraud. Required Classify each of the five situations as a fraudulent act, a fraud symptom, an internal control weakness, or an event unrelated to the investigation.Justify your answers. 5. 2. A client heard through its hot straining that conjuration, the purchases journal clerk, periodically enters fictitious acquisitions. After John creates a fictitious purchase, he notifies Alice, the accounts payable ledger clerk, so she can enter them in her ledger . When the payables are processed, the payment is mailed to the nonexistent suppliers address, a post office box rented by John. John deposits the check in an account he opened in the nonexistent suppliers name. Required a. Define fraud, fraud deterrence, fraud detection, and fraud investigation. Fraud- Any and all means a person uses to gain an unfair advantage over another person. Fraud Deterrence- Actions that are taken to discourage the perpetration of fraud. Fraud Detection- Identifying the indicators of fraud sufficient to warrant recommending an investigation Fraud investigation- Performing the extended procedures needed to determine whether fraud has occurred, as suggested by the indicators. b. List four personal (as opposed to organizational) fraud symptoms, or red flags, that indicate the possibility of fraud.Do not confine your answer to this example. o High personal debts or great financial losses o Bragging somewhat exploits o Collectors and creditors appearing at t he place of the business o Strong desire to beat the business c. List two procedures you could follow to uncover Johns fraudulent behavior. 1) Trace all of the payments back to the supporting documentation. No record of the receipt of the goods would be listed in the receiving department, as well as the buying department. 2) Inspect the documentation supporting the release of a check to a vendor. . 6. An auditor found that Rent-A-Wreck management does not always comply with its stated constitution that sealed bids be used to sell obsolete cars. Records indicated that several vehicles with recent major repairs were sold at negotiated prices. Management vigorously assured the auditor that execute limited repairs and negotiating with knowledgeable buyers resulted in better sales prices than the sealed-bid procedures. Further investigation revealed that the vehicles were sold to employees at prices well below Market value.Read also preparedness Solutions Chapter 3Three managers and f ive other employees pleaded guilty to criminal charges and made restitution. Required a. List the fraud symptoms that should have aroused the auditors suspicion. ? Managements acknowledgment for departing from established policy. ? Departure from the established policy of requiring sealed bids to dispose of vehicles being salvaged. ? Vehicles, in fact, have been repaired before they were sold for salvage. b. What audit procedures would show that fraud had in fact occurred? ? Review thoroughly of sales documentation, identifying persons to whom sales were made at negotiated prices. ? Evaluate the adequacy of proceeds obtained in negotiated sales. ? Review maintenance records for charges associated with salvaged vehicles. Case 5-1 1. How does moth miller fit the profile of the average fraud perpetrator? How does he differ? How did these characteristics make him difficult to detect? 2. Explain the three elements of the opportunity triangle (commit, conceal, convert), and wrangle how Miller accomplished each when embezzling funds from Associated Communications. What specific concealment techniques did Miller use? 3.What pressures motivated Miller to embezzle? How did Miller rationalize his actions? 4. Miller had a framed T-shirt in his office that said, He who dies with the most toys wins. What does this tell you about Miller? What lifestyle red flags could have tipped off the company to the possibility of fraud? 5. Why do companies hesitate to prosecute white-collar criminals? What are the consequences of not prosecuting? How could law enforcement officials encourage more prosecution? 6. What could the victimized companies have done to prevent Millers embezzlement?

Drive

In the film Drive directed by Nicolas Winding Refn a sudden act of violence by protagonist, device driver, is an interesting surprise. The build-up, kiss, bashing and exit involved in the scene of the nonessential help us to understand the oddball of Driver. The opthalmic and oral features of camera shots, dialogue and lighting are used to create a surrealist incident. The Drivers romantic love affair with Irene and his care for her late child sets the film as a romance and a drama, as the love he experiences for the two, both Platonic and Eros, ultimately leads him to unleash his true wolf though he attempts so hard to hide it in everyday life.The lifestyle he has chosen for himself prior to Irene inevitably arises once the mafia he crosses paths with leads to violence of the most cinematic type while invoking elements of suspense within each beat. In the film we behold four key face lifting scenes that video display the development of the bond between Driver (Ryan Gosling) and Irene (Carey Mulligan), his innocent looking neighbour. The build-up to the incident is where Irene slaps Driver after his pathetic attempt to communicate. They then both enter the elevator where a man in a tan suit stands.Frequently used in this scene are over the shoulder shots and close ups. Very seldom are there cuts to mid-shots which would break continuity. When Irene slaps Driver the camera cuts to a mid-shot to show the momentum of the action. The second time this happens is when the man in the tan suit is introduced into the scene. The mid-shot reveals the character to the audience and states his importance. Once in the elevator, low angle shots are used. These create a claustrophobic atmosphere for the audience.It withal allows the suspicion Driver has towards the man in the tan suit to be built up. Close ups are used to show the raw emotion between the two characters as well as creating tension when Driver notices the gun the man is carrying, hidden under his crownwo rk. This is a cinematic technique where props are exaggerated by the shot type. When Irene move into the elevator, Driver first left to stare at the man in the tan suit. This makes the audience feel uncomfortable as the empty space is mortifying and implies something bad is passing play to happen.The immediate suspicion Driver has towards the man in the suit leads him to be wary over him. Drivers ability to come forth this suspicion we can assume has most likely stemmed from his last(prenominal) which is unknown to the audience as nothing about Drivers past is revealed. However, we can assume that this The build-up to the entrance of the elevator is then followed by the kiss between Driver and Irene. While the elevator descends, Driver notices the gun in the jacket pocket of the man in the tan suit.All sound ceases as Driver reaches his hand behind him to where Irene stands and pushes her back. As he does the lights dim and focus between Drivers face and Irenes face. The moros e and light shading on their heads is reminiscent of French poetic-realism and is used to show the audience that Driver has both a good and bad side. This scene is also shot in slow motion which not only adds a sense of surrealism to the scene but also shows how both characters savour the kiss.Both the pacing and the lighting shift gears as Driver realizes the potential danger her and Irene are in. The average elevator lighting changes to a dark-lit purlieu which spotlights Driver and Irene specifically, isolating them almost completely from the rest of reality. The sound is back and were in the midst of some raucous violence a pair of hollow, crashing sounds as Driver smashes the hit mans head into the elevator walls then more clunking as he falls to the ground and Driver starts stomping on his head, once, twice, tierce times, with his boot.The sound of leather on skin shifts as the assault goes on toward a blend of moisture and crunch. At the 12th stomp, its clear from the audio that hit the books are breaking, and by the end of the sequence, after 15 seconds and 17 stomps, the dry and featureless thud has been transformed into a deathly squish. The elevator doors slide gift again, with the same faint squeak they did beforeBender calls this a sonic signatureand Irene flees into the garage. The incident ends with a close-up of Drivers jacket with the gold scorpion on the back.A scorpion is seen as dangerous and deadly. However, in the same way that a scorpion in the wild remains hidden from view and only attacks when threatened, the same can be said for Driver. Driver worked in a garage, lived alone in a small, dingy apartment, but attacked violently when he felt himself or those he cared for were threatened. The become to this is that it is in fact the man in the tan suit is killed in a brutal way by Driver. This shock factor makes the audience wonder their sympathy towards our protagonist.The next semiotic we see is the elevator door shutting on Drive r separating him from Irene. This representation shows the closure of their relationship indicating that there is no going back, the rupture between the two of them is final. We realise that the kiss between Driver and Irene had taken place as more of a goodbye kiss. This is because Driver is conscious(predicate) of the harm he could potentially bring to Irene and Benicio if her were to stay with them. His ability to suddenly act with rage and violence proves that he is uncontrollable and unstable. ConclusionIn conclusion the surprising incident in the elevator helps us learn more about the character Driver. The build-up, kiss, bashing and exit scenes of the incident result in the audience being able to see into the real Driver. The two elements of sound and colour work coherently with each other in exhibiting a scene which imitates a heaven-like landscape turned dark alley way. The approach of not only the lighting, but also the spatial distance between non-diegetic sound and dieg etic sound as the latter starts to take protrusion after Driver shows his romantic side.

Business Environment Of Oman Air Essay

IntroductionSWOT analysis is a beneficial dickhead that takes into account not only for our own business but as well as our competitors events and current industry trends as well. It is a framework for any organization in strategic planning for the meanss that affects business be it intimate or external. This instinct of business factors leave assistant managers utilely to any changes in the factors and facilitate decision making. Factors house be based on frugality and non-economic. By economic factors we understand the fiscal and mvirtuosotary factors, whereas non-economic factors include socio cultural, educational, political and legal system. To identify the internal strengths systematically SWOT analysis is an important tool for an organization.ObjectiveIn this paper we will use SWOT analysis to sum up the sales gross for next five years. SWOT abridgment is a useful method to understand the Strengths and Weaknesses and for detecting both the Opportunities open to the business and the Threats the business will face.SWOT Analysis for businessSWOT is a really powerful tool in business as with a little thought it can help you discover prospects that you argon well-placed to exploit and by understanding the weaknesses of your business, you can manage and remove threats that would other(a)wise catch you unexpectedly. By observing at our own business and our competitors using the SWOT framework, we will start a crafted strategy that will help us distinguish Oman Air from other competitors, so that we can compete successfully in the market. Strength and Weaknesses of an organization are mostly internal whereas the opportunities and threats are often external factors. The internal factors are mostly the factors that can be controlled internally in a company. Factors like e-commerce, technology and business expansion.The organizations have to continuously upgrade and adapt to factors if it has to sustain in the market. Internally the company is consid ered as in conversion machine whotakes in stimulation such as labor, m wizy, equipment and material from the external factors and it converts those input into an output such as service, products and goods. The few factors that constitute the internal factors are Vision, missions and objectives, internal power relationship, concern structure nature, company image and brand equity, and human resource.The external factors is a set of complex, rapidly changing and significant interacting institution and forces that effects the organizations ability to military service its customer. This factors conditions interact with strategic decisions and therefore it is important for organizations to understand its importance. SWOT analysis framework is both simple and powerful tool for strategy development. Analysis of the strength and weakness of the organization and opportunities and threats in the factors is the first step in strategic management process.StrengthsDirect flights to Europe, far east, Asia, Africa, Indian sub-continent and middle east.National sack priceNational carrier of OmanGovernment supportWeaknessesConnectivity to far Europe and United States which affects the sales revenue.High operational represent.ProductEmployee Education and growthOpportunities some(prenominal) prize win by the airline helps in better marketing and increase sales High season and small season sales as per class of travelOur business sector is expanding, with many future opportunities for success. Local government wants to encourage local businesses.Expansion PlansThreatsCompetitors sales strategiesConnectivity of FlightsEmerging demand for low cost Airlines.StrengthsOman air has direct flights to Europe, Middle east, Africa, Asia and Indian subcontinent which is one greatest strength of the company. The sales team uses this to attract tourist, medical tourist and corporate customers. The revenue can increase if we increase the frequency of the fights to Indian subcontinent f rom 1 flight per day to 2 flights per day to destination to Cochin, Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi. Increasing frequency to flights to Europe will add on to much revenue by increase from 3 flights to 5 flights per week to Paris, Munich and by connecting the Munich flight via Milan. The Fuel price is another factor which directly affects the cost of per flight. The airline can avoid extra expenditure by using more fuel efficient aircrafts and by using one engine during taxi especially at airports like Dubai where the rush hours are too busy and involves longer taxi. The one engine taxi will help is reducing fuel consumption and will bring extra revenue.WeaknessesOman air been a small organization faces lot of competition from the neighboring countries. Oman air travel to only 47 destinations out of which only 4 European destinations. Airline loses lot of business due to lack of connectivity to other European sectors like to Belgium, capital of The Netherlands and also to America. If Oma n air increases its connectivity to US and more European sectors this will increase the sales by attracting more customers from other countries Muscat being the hub and bring more revenue in next five years. The cost of operations in Muscat is high. The basic salary paid to locals is very high compare to other countries and airlines. Due to government involvement in the airline the compulsion to recruit locals is very strict. For example the basic salary paid to a check in staff in Oman air is 350 Omani rials with whereas Emirates pay 300. To reduce this cost company has to increase revenue from other sources as this is inevitable cost.OpportunitiesOman Air won the best business class seats award for last 3 years, best middle east airline in economy service award in 2014and many others. This achievement can be used more and get more customers by advertising. Investment in marketing and advertisement today will bring more customer and increase in revenue in next coming years. Liaise with corporate and agent customers to frame inducing programs and agreement in order to ensure maximization of business partnership and build strong customer base Airline business is directly change as per the seasons.During the high season like June and July the airline can close the lower class fares and sell only the high class tickets. Because of demand in market the sales will be high. Whereas during low peak season the flights should be open for lower classes that will attract more customers and fill the fights and translate more revenue in long run. Constantly checking with corporate customers to promote all frequent flyer programs and enroll them to add business to WY network. Keep our competitors in mind Oman air can plan for fare sales during off season to again boost the sales.ThreatsOman air being small airline with tho 47 destination and 30 aircrafts faces lot of competition from other big airlines around like emirates, Qatar, Etihad, Jet airways etc. and also some low cost airlines like Fly Dubai. Oman Air have few destinations but this big giants in the market give competition to Oman air operations. Better connectivity of other competitors is one of the major factors that effects the load factor on Oman air. Customer prefer to fly on the same airline with a continuity for example if a customer wants to fly to Amsterdam he will prefer taking Emirates or Qatar as they fly direct or via another airport. This results in losing many local passenger as well as international customers. Company can escape these losses by expanding faster and after proper plenty of market to retain its customer.Increasing the connectivity will help in retaining the loyal customer and also to gain new customers which will help in increasing the revenue in longer run. The route factors and the fares on those routes play another important role in the competitive market of aviation. During offpeak seasons the competitors as well reduce their fares to get more business . They offer sale prices and other attractive offers to make the customer chose there airline. To avoid this Oman air will do better market study and come out with more attractive offers and incentives for travel agents to sale Oman air tickets and services.ConclusionThe above findings will therefore increase the revenue of Oman air by 10 percent every year for next five years after meeting all extra cost that the company has to incur. Success of Oman Air depends on the adaptability of the business factors, it is subjected to. The factors are link together and all factors influences policy making in the business. SWOT analysis is an effective tool in examining the business factors. Business should respond to the factors changes and the managers approach toward those changes is very vital. With the understanding of this factors that will influence the business Oman Air can save lot of time and bring the difference by using SWOT Analysis.ReferencesDaniel, C.(2011). Business Factors. h ttp//www.articlesnatcg.com/Article/Business-Factors/252704. Dreze, J. & Amartya, S (1996). Economic development and social opportunity, oxford University press. Menon, A. et al. (1999). Antecedents and Consequences of merchandise Strategy Making. Journal of Marketing (American Marketing Association Quincy, Ronald. SWOT Analysis Raising capacity of your organization Rutgers School of Social Work. http//www.learnmarketing.netwww.omanair.com

Health And Safety Essay

The ultimate state or Accountability for wellness and resort lies with the Comp whatsoevers aver membersThe fundamental law chart of the business identifies the key positions of pack who ar accountable to the Trust Members for ensuring that the detailed arrangements for in effect(p) working(a) argon drawn up, utilise and take no admit.DUTIES headsman executive directorThe role of the pass Executive is to provide leadership on wellness and guard duty matters and policies.Specific duties atomic number 18to contain that the wellness and rubber policy, plaque and arrangements ar reviewed, kept up-to-date, understood by employees, and effectively implemented to visit performance standards for wellness and condom be set and monitored to monitor performance and rise corrective action where necessary to work with lag in reviewing, inspecting and improving work systems with the objective of improving health and safeguard performance and to break investigations of ha zards and incidents lead-in to (or could let potenti all(a)y lead to) deformity, slander or loss ar under shoot forn and corrective / preventive actions are undertaken. health & preventative OfficerThe role of the Health & synthetic rubber Consultant is to provide support to some(prenominal) of the caput Executive on Health and Safety matters and policies.Specific duties areto instruct each employee and role player as necessary in the avoidance of hazards and in the safe performance of their work to encounter that particular Health and Safety regulations are observed to ensure employees understand this policy and organisation (including their own responsibilities) and comply with the arrangements to continually review and inspect the premises and equipment to communicate unsafe conditions in the event of an incident to take any immediate action necessary to deal with the situation and to consult with staff and implement improvements or changes needed to eliminate hazar ds and remove the causes of hazards, damage and loss. to identify, consult, authorise and monitor 3rd parties, in particular avowers whilst operating on RDACs site.EmployeesSpecific duties areto carry out their work safely in the stake of themselves and some other employees to understand and follow caoutchouc operations, standards and systems of work to deal unsafe conditions and resort concerns so that corrective action can be taken to kick in knowledge and experience on safe working practices to others and to support the Health and Safety Officer and caput Executive in order to achieve and maintain the mellowest standards inside the fields of Health and Safety.The primary responsibility for somebodyal refuge lies with the individual, and the authority of this policy, arraignments and sound judgement depends on the wholehearted cooperation of both employee. every(prenominal) individual actions mustiness constantly reflect safety awareness and individualnel should always work with the safety of themselves and their fellow employees in mind.Management of Health & SafetySafety Audits & InspectionsThe implementation of an annual Health and Safety audit result be the responsibility of the promontory Executive and Health and Safety Officer and exit consist of an in-depth interrogative of all the order activities andpremises. The safety audit depart subject each area of the lodges activities to a systematic tiny examination with the object of minimising loss. Every component of the total system leave be included e.g. management policy, attitudes, instruct, features of the premises (the design and layout of areas, rooms etc), requirement plans and procedures, accident records etc. The audit exit aim to highlight the weaknesses and strengths, and the main areas of vulnerability or adventure. take a chance AssessmentIn abidance with the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, the beau monde go out carry out happen a ssessments of all activities that present a attempt to employees or others. These jeopardy assessments will be carried out in line with Health & Safety Executive guidance, and the procedure for doing so is as follows1. Identify the significant hazards involved in our activity.2. Decide who exponent be harmed and how.3. Evaluate the level of try and decide if existing precautions are sufficient, or if more needs to be done.4. Record the significant findings of the assessment.5. Review the assessment when things change, or there is reason to believe that it is no longer valid. The take chances assessments willIdentify what the hazards are and identify the people who might be harmed by the hazard Disregard insignificant risksEvaluate the risks from the identified hazardsEnsure all aspects of the work activity are reviewed, including routine and non-routine activities and operations Take into account any existing sustain measuresTake account of the way in which the work is organiz ed, and the effects this can begin on health Take account of the risks to the realityTake account of the need to cover erect risksIdentify the time period of time which it will be valid forEnable us to prioritise sanative actionsRisk assessments will be undertaken by the Health and Safety Officer and Representatives at both sites currently used, with inciteance from our advisors, B.I.G. problem Services. high-powered Risk AssessmentsDynamic risk assessment is a continuous process of identifying hazards. The risk is assessed and action taken to eliminate or take down risk. Dynamic risk assessment will be applied in a changing environment. The dynamic assessment will be conducted by the pertinent competent person managing the activity. The competent person must halt the operation is believed the risk outweighs the stop measures applied. The Managing Directors are obligated to ensure competent people nourish been expert in dynamic risk assessing/hazard awareness. Safe Syste ms of WorkThe Company will provide written safe systems of work for all operations and tasks where there is a significant risk of injury where there is clearly an identifiable need to specify the safe and correct way of doing the work and where, in spite of all reasonable control measures being implemented, significant risk remains. Employees will be instructed in the safe system of work, as grant, and a record of competency kept. Specific ResponsibilitiesThe Managing Directors and the Office motorcoach will identify all such processes and mean activities within the companys area of responsibility and ensure that fit written systems are produced, employees clever and records kept. all Employees must observe and understand the system of work at all times reporting any circumstances which prevents compliance or undermines its effectiveness to their immediate supervisor or line manager. Monitoring Health & Safety PerformanceIn addition to the reactive monitoring of accidents/ill- health, the Company will likewise carry out proactive monitoring of Health and Safety performance. To check our working conditions, and ensure our safe working practices are being followed, The Managing Directors along with B.I.G Business Services Health and Safety Consultant (where necessary) will conduct routine inspections of the workplace and review the effectiveness of our risk assessment and work practices. Consultation with EmployeesThe Company will consult with its employees in accordance with the Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996. Consultation withemployees will be provided direct to individuals as necessary. Health & Safety AdviceIn accordance with the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, the Company has vex to competent Health & Safety advice. This advice is available from B.I.G. Business ServicesTel 0845 2626260Email databigbusinessservices.comQualifications in Health & Safety includeChartered Member of the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (CMIOSH) Corporate Member of the International Institute of Risk and Safety Management (MIIRSM) NEBOSH Level 6 Diploma in Occupational Health & SafetyMember of the Institute of surroundal Management and Assessment Information, Instruction, educate and SupervisionThe Company will provide adequate selective information, instruction, educate and supervision to employees in accordance with the general duties on employers under Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. impress 1974 and associated regulations. All employees including any temporary and casual workers will be provided with information on any risks relevant to their particular activity and work area. All information, instruction and training presumptuousness to employees, temporary and casual workers will be recorded on individual training records. In certain instances, employees will be asked to sign to confirm receipt or understanding of the training. dressing and InstructionIn duction training for all new-fashioned employees, temporary and casual workers is the responsibility of the important Executive. Job specific training and instruction will be identified, arranged and monitored by the knob Executive. The Health and Safety component of induction training will contain the following Health and Safety insurance policyAccident reporting / first aid proceduresFire precautions and procedures, including our emergency plan Introductionto safety legislation the Employee will be introduced to the legislation that applies to our Company and the workplace, e.g. Electricity and Manual Handling. The supervision of trainees will be arranged, undertaken and monitored by the Chief Executive and Health and Safety Officer. InformationThe Health and Safety Law information is displayed within both of the premises on dedicated health and safety notice boards. A copy of the Employers Liability Insurance certificate is displayed within the offices on dedicated health an d safety notice boards. Supervision & ManagementTraining at all levels is necessary to ensure that responsibilities are known and the organisations policy is carried out. Key points to cover in the training of supervisors and managers are The organisations safety policy or programmeLegal framework and duties of the organisation, its management and the workforce Specific laws and rules applicable to the workplaceSafety inspection techniques and requirements source and consequences of accidents and their reporting, recording and investigation Basic accident prevention techniquesDisciplinary procedure and applicationControl of hazards in the workplace and use of personal protective equipment Techniques for motivate employees to recognise and respond to organisational goals in Health and Safety. Specialised trainingSpecialised Health and Safety training will be required to cover both legal requirements and others necessary for the safe running of the organisation, for example First aid , taking into account the nature of the work and the size of the organisation Manual Handling example of fire-fighting appliances such as extinguishers and fire awareness. Reinforcement or Refresher trainingReinforcement or refresher training will be required at grab intervals. These requirements will depend on the outcome of observation of the workforce, i.e. during a training needs assessment. Factors to betaken into account are the complexity of the information to be held by the employee, and the amount of practice required and the opportunity for practice in the normal working requirement. Assessment will in addition be required of the likely severity of the consequences of behaviour that does not match training objectives.The Managing Directors will ensure the following procedure will be followed Arrange for the induction training to be given to all staff Comprehensive and relevant information will be provided to the employee in respect of risks to his / her Health and Safety and on intervention and protective measures Information will be provided on the Companys emergency arrangements, including staff nominated to help if there is an evacuation Ensure that the employee understands all the information provided to them and that they have the opportunity to ask any questions in relation to the training After a suitable length of time the training should be followed up with the employee to assess its effectiveness and to correct any misunderstandings. Lone WorkingA lone worker is a person who works where there are no other members of staff present on the same floor at the same time and without close or direct supervision in a wide variety of situations. This could include being off-site or outside a building. Lone workers should not be at more risk than other employees, although such activities may require extra risk control measures. Precautions should take account of normal work and foreseeable emergencies, e.g. fire, equipment failure, illness and acci dents. The Health and Safety Officer along with B.I.G Business Services Health and Safety Consultant (where applicable) shall identify situations where people work alone and ensure site specific assessments are completed where required. Lone Workers identified are responsible for Taking reasonable care to look after their own Health and Safety Co-operating and complying with any control measures designed to eliminate or reduce the risk of lone working. Safeguarding the Health and Safety of other people alludeed by their work Participating in training designed to meet the requirements of the Health and Safety policies and proceduresOperating authorised equipment in accordance with relevant safety instructions and any training they have been given Reporting any dangers or identified areas of risk as soon as viable to an appropriate manager. This will include any accidents, or incidents that could have given rise to an accident Notifying their manager, at the first opportunity, of an y change in their ability to undertake their role, including any adverse medical conditions. Employees requiring advice or who have concerns regarding lone working can seek advice from the companys Health and Safety Officer who will, if necessary, arrange specialist advice and economic aid to determine the appropriate course of action to eliminate or control the risk factors Working TimeIt is the Company policy to eliminate the need for employees to work excessive hours without appropriate breaks. The following will be providedEmployees will be provided an uninterrupted break of 20 minutes every 6 hours worked during the working mean solar day. Young Workers, under 18 years of age will be provided an uninterrupted break of 30 minutes every 4.5 hours worked during the working day. Employees will be provided with a rest period of 11 consecutive hours rest in each 24 hour period Young Workers, under 18 years of age will be provided with a rest period of 12 consecutive hours rest in e ach 24 hour period An Employee will be provided with one day off a week this can be averaged over 2 weeks Young Workers, under 18 years of age will be provided with 2 day off a week this cannot be averaged over 2 weeks A record of working hours will be kept and averages of defined 17 week periods will be maintained by the Office Manager. Excessive work is defined in excess of 48 hours. Fitness for WorkIf an Employee has a medical condition that could affect their fitness for work, that Employee must inform the Chief Executive of the likely impact of the medical condition on their fitness for work. The Employee is not obliged to disclose confidential medical information, however the Company will, where necessary, confer with relevant external experts to confirm whether a Fitness for Work plan is required. any person taking prescribed medication must seek the advice of their doctor before working, written evidence of their fitness to work whilst taking the drugs may be required and h eld bythe Chief Executive. Data ProtectionThe Chief Executive will ensure the Company will comply with the Data Protection Act 1998, when recording accidents. Individual record sheets will be removed and stored securely (keeping personal information confidential). Civil ClaimsThe Company will ensure claims for compensation for injury or damage suffered are handled correctly. Claims for compensation must be acknowledged within 21 days. Therefore it is important that any claim (and subsequent equilibrium received) is notified to the Chief Executive and acknowledged without delay. Where the claim is verbal, ask the person making the claim to put their comments in writing and forward to the Chief Executive also make a note of any verbal comments and forward in the same behavior. Employees are not to engage in conversation regarding the claim and should neer admit liability. If necessary, explain that the matter has been referred to the Chief Executive in accordance with procedures Ma naging ContractorsThe Company recognises that it owes a duty to contractors as well as employees, as stipulated by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 3 and the Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999. The Company will ensure that only competent contractors are selected. All Contractors working on the Companys behalf are assessed to ensure that they are competent and have suitable and adequate Health and Safety arrangements in place to provide safe working practices and control of all significant hazards that may be introduced by their work. The woof and assessment of the competence of contractors is the responsibility of the Chief Executive and Health and Safety Officer (assistance will be provided if necessary by B.I.G Business Services Health and Safety Consultant. Selected contractors must be able to demonstrate that they are experienced and competent to carry out the required works with regulations and accepted safety standards. in the lead a co ntract is awarded an overview of the status of the tenderers Health and Safety management systems must be obtained by reviewing the following documents A completed contractor picking questionnaireRelevant risk assessments and method statements for the work to be undertaken Supportive evidence of competenceThe Chief Executive must take into consideration all factors when selecting the contractor for the work. The cost of the works is not be the sole factor in contractor selection. The pre-selection of any contractors will take into account Health and Safety requirements when selecting and approbatory contractors to work for the Company, ensuring contractors Work safely, without endangering themselves or any other people Comply with the Companys Health and Safety requirementsOnly employ competent staff who have been adequately trained Only employ competent sub-contractors, who are adequately managed Have adequate resources to manage Health and Safety satisfactorily The Chief Executi ve may not engage any contractors to provide any services for the Company unless the Health and Safety questions in the contractor selection questionnaire have been answered satisfactorily. No contractor will be appointed if they fail to provide adequate risk assessments and method statements for the proposed work. Once approved, the Chief Executive is responsibility for ensuring contractors working on our premises are briefed on our safety rules and supervised to ensure they work in an approved and safe manner. any problems/hazards arising from the activities of contractors should be inform to the Chief Executive respectively.The Chief Executive is responsible for the management and co-ordination of all Company contracts involving building works, engineering service, refurbishment and maintenance works. Health and Safety considerations will be included from the start when planning work to be carried out by contractors ensuring responsible for ensuring that Health and Safety issue s are adequately addressed. The Chief Executive is responsible for determining the Health and Safety implications of the planned work setting the criteria by which the contractors will be judged which includes the minimum Health and Safety standards that must be met Identifying when the planned work is covered by the Construction (Design & Management) Regulations 2007 Seeking advice and guidance as necessary. Drugs, Alcohol and SmokingThe Company will take all reasonable go to ensure the Health and Safety of employees at work is not put at risk by smoking, alcohol, drug or substance abuse recognizing the affects of health, safety and welfare to the user and potential impact on work colleagues and the business. The Company therefore operates a policy which ensures that employees health and performance is not impaired at any time they are on Company premises. The Disciplinary Procedure will be followed in any case where an employee is found to disregard this Policy and/or to be under the influence of or in possession of any alcohol or illegal substance whilst at work or on Company premises. The Company will encourage employees with drug or alcohol abuse or dependency problems to seek help and treatment voluntarily through their own GP. Employees who suspect an employee to be suffering from drug or alcohol problems will refer the individual to the Chief Executive who will assist them in finding advice and treatment. In certain circumstances, disciplinary action may be taken against employees who fail to accept or co-operate with a course of treatment. crazeThe Company will take all reasonable steps to ensure the Health and Safety of employees at work is not put at risk by violent, abusive or aggressive behaviour occurring in the work place. The Company recognises that verbal and physical abuse at work can affect the health, safety and welfare of the victim and can have an impact on work colleagues and the business. The Company therefore operates a zero toleranc e policy which ensures that people on Company premises are not put at risk of bullying in any form. The Disciplinary Procedure will be followed in any case where an employee is found to be displaying violent or aggressive behaviour towards any person on the Companys premises. The Chief Executive and Health and Safety Officer will endeavor to provide sufficient information, instruction and training to ensure the Health and Safety of persons on Company premises is not threatened by violent, abusive or aggressive behavior by Company employees. PremisesControl of Asbestos Containing MaterialsIn conjunction with the Landlord, the Company will assess and control healthrisks from exposure to asbestos in accordance with the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 to particularly prevent employees from exposure to asbestos and asbestos containing materials (ACMs).To achieve this, the Chief Executive and Landlord are responsible to ensure That reasonable steps are taken, with the assistance fro m accredited specialists, to determine the mess and condition of materials likely to contain asbestos A record of the billet and condition of the ACMs or presumed ACMs in our offices is made Assess the risk of the likelihood of anyone being exposed to fibres from these materials Prepare a plan setting out how the risks from the materials are to be managed Take the necessary steps to put the plan into actionReview and monitor the plan periodicallyProvide information on the location and condition of the materials to anyone who is liable to work on or disturb them.Should the situation arise, approval for any necessary action to remove asbestos containing materials will be given by the Letting Agent who is to appoint specialist advisors and licensed contractors competent in handling and disposing of such hazardous materials.Plant and Equipment MaintenanceThe responsibility for identifying all plant and fixed installations and ensuring effective maintenance procedures are drawn up and implemented is that of the Chief Executive. To achieve timely and suitable pre-planned maintenance, repair and refurbishment schedules Chief Executive will appoint competent contractors to assist the Company. Portable Electrical EquipmentPortable electrical appliances are tested by an external engineer at selected intervals in accordance with HSE guidance. Notwithstanding this general inspection/test programme, very high usage common use facilities (i.e. kettles, microwave ovens) are inspected/tested every 12 months and replaced as necessary to ensure high standards of provision and electrical safety is maintained for all employees. Fixed Electrical SystemsThe fixed electrical installations end-to-end the premises is inspected and tested by a competent NICEIC registered contractor. The Chief Executive will arrange for the electrical systems integrity and safety to be inspected and retested every 5 years via they workforce. Gas SystemsThe Chief Executive will appoint a competent Gas Safety registered contractor to service and maintain all foul up systems throughout the premise. The contract will ensure that all gas systems are serviced annually and gas safety certificates held on file readily available for examination on request. Defects and ProblemsIt is recognised that even with the best pre-planned maintenance programmes, problems and defects with plant and equipment will occur from time to time. Accordingly, any problems with plant or equipment should be reported in the first instance to the Chief Executive or Health and Safety Officer Welfare FacilitiesThe Company is committed to providing suitable and sufficient welfare facilities to employees, in accordance with the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. Adequate numbers of clean toilets, washing and shower facilities are provided for the number of staff and visitors required to use them. Toilet paper, eager/cold water, soap and means for drying hands will always be available. In add ition, drinking water and a means to prepare hot drinks and diet is provided in the Kitchen. To ensure that a high standard of cleanliness and good hygiene is maintained, the facilities are cleaned. Notwithstanding this planned cleaning programme, any employee who has concerns with the standard of cleanliness and hygiene should report the matter to their appropriate manager who will investigate and advice accordingly. Access and EgressThe Company is committed to providing a safe place of work and a safe means of access and break through within all parts of our workplace, which includes movement in and out of the workplace. Access and egress includes all of the followingAccess to and egress from the workplaceRoutes through working areasAccessibility of storage areasAccess to and egress from an individuals workplaceEmergency exit routesAny temporary arrangements for accessExternal pathways and roadways around the workplaceThe Chief Executive and Health and Safety Officer with assist ance from B.I.G Business Services Health and Safety Consultant (where applicable) will ensure risk assessments are completed to identify that The workplace shall be organised to ensure pedestrians can circulate in a safe manner All articles or substances do not impede safe access and egress at the workplace and that objects which may restrict safe movement within the workplace are removed immediately Any access restrictions are adhered to so that suitable and safe arrangements for work in confined places and other areas of high risk are guaranteed Objects are not stored in walkways or precariously on top of cabinets / shelves All work equipment when not in use must be stored in its designated storage area Waste items shall not be allowed to accumulate in walkways and floor surfaces shall be capable of being kept sufficiently clean and cleaned as appropriateAll access equipment is regularly inspected to ensure that it is maintained in a safe condition Formalised systems of work are d esigned and implemented in all areas of significant risk Employees are encouraged to report any situation where safe access and egress is restrict or obstructed. The workplace floors and traffic route surfaces are suitable for their purpose and maintained in a safe condition and suitably indicated where necessary of reasons of Health and Safety The working activities of contractors are monitored so that they do not hinder safe access / egress So far as sensibly practicable we will take suitable and effective measures to prevent persons falling a distance likely to cause personal injury and to prevent any person being struck by a falling object. ActivitiesManual HandlingIn accordance with the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992, theCompany will eliminate the need for manual handling wherever possible. Where elimination is not possible, the risks from manual handling will be assessed and reduced, so far as is reasonably practicable by job design and the provision of mechanic al aids etc. Manual handling risk assessments will be carried out by the Managing Directors with assistance from B.I.G Business Services. Display Screen Equipment (Computer Users)The Company will assess and control health risks from exposure to display screen equipment in accordance with the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992. Employees that are classed as habitual Display Screen Equipment users are entitled to free eye tests on request and to vision correction appliances plainly only where these are needed specifically for work with display screen equipment. Display Screen Equipment workstation assessments will be arranged by the Chief Executive who will also give any necessary approval for corrective action to remove or control risks. Habitual Display Screen Equipment users will be required to complete self-assessment of their workstation. The complete assessment is to be returned to the Health and Safety Officer, who will review and arrange for any nec essary corrective actions. Employees who have declared a disability or existing upper limb disorder to the Health and Safety Officer will be individually assessed to ensure all necessary adjustments are made to their workstation and job tasks to allow them to continue working. Demarcation / Safety SignsThe Company recognises the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations minimum requirements for the provision of safety signs at work. The Chief Executive along with the Health and Safety Officer will provide specific safety signs whenever there is a risk that has not been avoided or controlled by other means, for example by engineering controls and Safe Systems of Work (SSoW). Where a safety sign would not help to reduce that risk, or where the risk is not significant, no safety signs will be provided. Hazardous Substances (where necessary)The Company will assess and control health risks from exposure to hazardous substances in accordance with the Control of Substances H azardous to HealthRegulations (COSHH) 2002. All reasonable steps will be taken to ensure that all exposure of employees to substances hazardous to health is prevented or at least controlled to within statutory limits. We will not supply or use those substances prohibited by law. The responsibility for identifying all substances that need a COSHH assessment and for obtaining the Chemical Safety Data Sheets is that of the Chief Executive and Health and Safety Officer. COSHH assessments will be carried out and any actions identified implemented by the Health and Safety Officer with assistance from B.I.G Business Services who will also ensure all relevant employees are advised. The COSHH information will also be made readily available to affected employees for reference. The Company will ensure that the exposure of employees to substances hazardous to health is either prevented or, where this is not reasonably practicable, adequately controlled. Where exposure cannot be adequately contr olled the Company will provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) free of charge. The Chief Executive is responsible to ensure all employees will be provided with comprehensive information and instruction on the nature and likelihood of their exposure to substances hazardous to health. The Company risk assessments will be reviewed regularly and particularly if either there is a significant change in the work or the validity of one of our original assessments. Emergency & perseveranceAccidents, First Aid and Work Related Ill-HealthThe Company is committed to preventing accidents and cases of ill-health to employees and others who may be affected by its work activities. However, the Company recognises that failures can occur and will investigate all accidents and ill-health to identify the immediate and underlying causes so as to prevent recurrence. First Aid ProvisionThe Chief Executive will ensure that adequate first aid trained personnel and equipment is provided, in accordance with the Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. The Chief Executive and the Health and Safety Officer are responsible for ensuring the location of the first aid kit, accident book and the names of First Aiders are known to all employees. Quarterly checks on provisions are to be made by the First Aider and any shortfallsaddressed. Accident ReportingAll accidents and incidents are to be recorded in the accident book. The Health and Safety Officer is to ensure that where appropriate the accident or incident is RIDDOR reportable. The Chief Executive is responsible for investigating accidents and incidents of ill-health to prevent a recurrence. Reporting of Accidents/Incidents to the AuthoritiesAll reportable incidents, as defined by the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) will be reported by the responsible person Chief Executive or the Health and Safety Officer when necessary to the enforcing authority within the rele vant timeframes. The following types of work related incident/accident need to be reported DeathMajor Injuries e.g. broken bones, dislocations, amputations, loss of sight etc. Any accident resulting in more than 3 days lost from workAny non-employee (i.e. customers, visitors and contractors) being taken directly to hospital Certain types of disease e.g. dermatitis, asthma, upper limb disorders, carpal tunnel syndrome etc. Certain types of dangerous occurrence, even when no-on is wound e.g. electrical fires, etc. All records of all reportable accidents, dangerous occurrences and reportable diseases will be kept for at least 3 years. Fire and liquidationThe Company has procedures in place to follow in the event of emergency. These are communicated to all employees during induction and are displayed throughout the offices. In simple terms the procedure is as follows In the event of a fireImmediately sound the alarm by shouting Fire, Fire, Fire . Only attack the fire if trained to do so do not put yourself at risk. Dial 999 and ask for the fire brigade give the building address and location of the fire ensuring it is heard by the operator. Evacuate the building by the nearest exit and proceed to the designated assembly point. Do not stop to collect personal belongings.Do not re-enter the building until told it is safe to do so. The Company has appointed a responsible person in all locations who is charged with the responsibility of ensuring the safety of the staff and any person who may legally come onto Company property and of anyone not on the premises but who may be affected. Therefore, in accordance with the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, the Company will ensure that a Fire Risk assessment is conducted and adequate precautions put in place. The Chief Executive is responsible for ensuring that the fire risk assessment is undertaken and completed. To achieve this duty the Chief Executive have appoint specialist consultants (B.I.G Business Servic es) to assist in the completion of the assessment and also in identifying any recommendations necessary. The day-to-day responsibility for ensuring all fire precautions are in place and in order is that of the Health and Safety Officer in particular Escape routes are checked daily to ensure they are free from obstruction. Fire extinguishers are maintained and serviced annually.EnvironmentThe Company will take all reasonable steps to minimise as far as practicable the impact of its activities on the environment. The Company recognises its responsibility to the community and has therefore identified the aspects of its operations that may have an effect on the environment. The Company does not consider its business to be of inherent damage to the environment, but it has identified certain areas which need to be controlled to minimise any detrimental environmental effect. The Company will endeavor to control its following activities consumption of energyUse of packaging materialsEmiss ionsUse of transportThe Company will meet and where appropriate exceed the requirements of all relevant legislation, will seek to reduce the consumption of materials and will recycle waste where possible. In addition, the Company will manage energy and fuel wisely and will minimise visual, noise and other impacts ofits business on the local environment.Waste DisposalIt is the policy of this company that where waste is generated during the course of company activities then that waste shall be disposed of in a controlled, safe and proper manner. Where such waste removal requires the application of special control measures to reduce hazards such as contamination, dust or risk of environmental pollution then laid down company procedures will be followed to render such waste removal inoffensive and free of risk so far as reasonably practicable.The Managing Directors will lead the process of implementing this policy and will keep the policy under continual review.

Commodification of women Essay

announce is a form of communication used to persuade an audience(viewers, readers, listeners)to take whatsoever action with respect to produces, ideas or work. Most comm solo the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological denote is also common . Advertising messages atomic number 18 usually paid for by various sponsors and viewed via various traditional media including mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television commercial, radio set advertise handst, outdoor publicize or direct mail ,or new media such as website and text messages.History of Advertising Going back in eon Egyptians used papyrus to make sale messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and old-fashioned Arabia . Lost and found announce on papyrus was common in ancient Rome . Wall or rock painting for commercial announce is anformer(a) manifestation o f an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in legion(predicate) parts of Asia, Africa and south America. The tradition of commercial wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art painting that date back to 400 B. C.History reveals that out of home advertising and bill boards are the oldest form of advertising . As education became an apparent need and reading ,as well as printing developed advertising expanded to include hand bills . In the 17 hundred advertising started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers ,which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press, and medicines ,which were a great deal sought after as several diseases ravaged in Europe As the economy expanded in the 18th century advertising grew along side .During the next five decades it emerged as a strong industry. In 1840 Volney B. Palmer a calculating businessman established the roo ts of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought large amount of space in various newspapers at a concessional rate and then resold the space at higher(prenominal) rate to advertisers. At the turn of the century ,there were few career choices for women in business, however, advertising was one of few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in the household, advertisers and agencies recognise the value of womens insight during the creative process.In fact ,the offset printing American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a women for a soap product. Although tame by todays standard ,the advertisement featured a couple with a message the skin you lie with to touchIn the 21st century , marketing through the internet has opened new frontiers for advertisers. A number of websites have been created exclusively for selling products and services e. g. Ebay. com, Flipkart. com, Shadi. com etc. Even the search engine Google has started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant , unobtrusive ads intended to assistance ,rather than inundate ,users.This has lead to plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising. How important has advertising become in our lives is clear from the fact that in 2010 , consumption on advertising was estimated at more than 300 billion dollars in U. S and 700 billion U. S dollars homowide Impact of Advertising Nowadays, advertising is omnipresent in our lives and has a really strong influence in our decisions as consumers. The aim is no longer to inform us of a new product and its use , it is more to create a desire and longing to possess it.Moreover ,advertising has become a centre of attraction . Television shows are commit to it, a Museum is dedicated to it in Paris and we discuss advertisement in our daily lives. It can make us laugh, it can shock us, which shows that advertising has a link with the customs and the codes which govern our society . For instance the Museum of advertising in Paris presents a retrospective about the Chinese advertising from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present day to show the impact of governments on the advertising , the link between advertising and communist society and reflects the Chinese historyWomen and Advertising From the Feminist Social Perspective No issue related to women can be debated without reference to the feminist theory. Feminist social theory has been concerned with taste fundamental inequalities between women and men and with analysis of male power over women. Its basic premise is that male derives from the social, economic, political arrangements specific to particular societies. Endorsing the view ,American feminist Catherine Mackinnon says men create the world from their point of view ,which then becomes the truth to be described .This is male world. Initially feminist theory ground its study on things such as housework, inequalities or male violence but now it has to be more concernd with words and with issues of representation. One of theses issues which is oftentimes discussed is women and their routine in sphere of Advertising . Going with Mc Kinnon ,it can be said that in this field ,till recently everything was created from the male point of view . The occupy was focussed on women in a house, as a wife, mother, homemaker and well wisher.This was image that would sell. From Marxist Social Perspective The Marxist theory concentrates on the fibre of women in economic growth. Women are now capable of contributing towards the economy and share equal monetary responsibility. Hence in this paper ,women in advertising are represented in two ways Women as models to attract the consumers and sell the products and services Women as consumer and target audience The advertising of the twentieth century shows indeed the evolution of the womens status.Historians refer to this century as the century of w omen and sexual revolution because the situation of women and consequently the relations between men and women changed considerably in western societies. Women obtained a real political, economic and domestic power of decision. POTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENT The end of 19th century saw many women going to work ,as workers in the factories ,as domestic or employees, so that the time for household task and prep was reduced. Having less time restricts the possibilities for women but having a victor situation means beginning a long process of liberation .Work is money ,and money permits to buy the products ,not only the ones which are targeted to women ,but also other products . The 1920s are the period of real evolution on the vision of women in advertising . Paris welcomes the poster overheard by Leonetto Capiello for the Delices pasta ,which shows the first bare legged pin up of a beautiful women. Even though a liberated women had emerged in the 20 century but sleek over unti l the 1950s advertising gave the image of a passive women who was a housewife, a caring wife, a devoted mother and a symbol of beauty.But she was serene not very active in other areas. Maternal streak was fully apply during this period. A mother keeping the house clean with Dettol or cooking healthy food in Dalda ghee were representative advertisements of this period. A much discussed ad is of a Baby Johnson Soap that presents a chubby baby referring to family, childhood , happiness and other values directly linked to home. Similarly Lux soap has always opted for celebrities whether its is Ava Gardner in Italy or Sharmila Tagore and current Katrina Kaif in India.The sales of these mentioned products was much above expected The models used were women and the target was also obviously women whether a housewife, mother or simply a women desiring to look beautiful. The advertisers were sharp enough to realize that a good study of the target can bring considerable profit even though these cases confirm that the most shared values are almost the ones that men consider as feminine. Another aspect of women is the housewife . Many products for cooking and cleaning are created keeping a housekeeper in mind.They promise time saving devices, more free time to spend with family and healthy environment Progressive Women A Change in Image The 1960s witnesses a progressive unveiling of the body with the mini skirt. The stocking arrived as a liberator and the feminist movement was becoming popular. The advertisement for dim tights in U. S. A brought forth the concepts of a free women . The slogan highlighted was in dim, you are free, you are beautiful. From 1965 onwards the image of women changed. She asserted herself more and more and advertising presented a new independent women.She was no longer limited to housekeeping and in childrens upbringing ,from now on she worked and gained her autonomy. This changed image was also fully exploited by manufactures. Many advertise ments related to the ready to serve food hit the market. Maggie diversified its range and launched the Mousseline instant mashed potatoes and the three crowns ready to serve dishes . Washing machines were introduced along with ovens, food processors and vacuum cleaners because they went well with the image of a progressive women .Instant coffee became a hit as did soup ,noodles and pasta. This was because the women of the 1980s and 1990s had emerged as the wonder working women. She was confident, reliable and independent but at the same time she had not forgotten or abandoned her traditional role of a mother ,wife and a daughter . The advertisement of Lizol disinfectant portrays a lady doctor who wants her house clean with the said product and it makes her house hemipteran free. Also noteworthy is another recent advertisement which features a busy boss ordering his Secretary not to permit anyone to enter.Surprisingly she enters but only to remind the boss that being a diabetic he n eeds to eat every two hours ,leaves a packet of sugar free Nutralite oat biscuits ,says sulky and leaves. The point is that-when the wife is absent the task is to be performed by a Secretary ,again a women. Yet in the field of advertising the emphasis placid is on the stereotyped image of women . She is an object of appeal to men, attracts by her body, skin etc. The list of advertisements pertaining to beauty products ,perfumes ,soaps ,lotions ,shampoo etc is endless.Decorative models who are passive and non functional are used. Their primary activity is to adorn the product /service as a attractive stimulus. They are like mannequins with the least lifelike roles . She is in an artificial world ,often obviously so in the way she stands in dummy poses. The way these hackneyed stereotypes are repeated reveals a kind of discrimination ,clear and easy to hook but hard to end to. This archaistic stereotype of women is strong and stubborn ,and for sure the advertising does not really p ermit to make its vanish.Indian advertising is to much dependent on the stereotyped image of women . Till now she is shown in the kitchen, running around her family, carrying grocery bags and then the husband giving her a Moov massage or she taking an advertised Revital For Women vitamin. The message clearly is carry on with your duties but with the product suggested. Similarly for cholesterol control products like cooking oil (Saffola) or oats, it is always a women who is concerned about her husbands blood pressure but rarely the other way around.